- 2022, 34(7)
- Competent unit: Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning
- Sponsors by:
- Establishment Time: 1989, monthly
- CSSN： ISSN 1004-9231 CN 31-1635/R
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WU Linying,
YANG Zichen,
XUAN Dongliang,
WANG Yuanping,
TIAN Jing,
WANG Yi,
HAN Minghui,
WANG Hexing,
PENG Qian,
JIANG Qingwu
2022, 34(7): 623-628.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.22030
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Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the relationship between the exposure to two kinds of phthalate esters （PAEs） ［Di-N-butyl phthalate，（DBP） and Di-（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate （DEHP）］ and estrogen homeostasis in pregnant women. MethodsIn 2021， we classified the Jiading District of Shanghai into five geographical areas， east， west， south， north and central. A total of 151 pregnant women from each area were selected for questionnaire survey， with random urine samples during first， second， and third trimesters collected. A DBP metabolite ［Mono-N-butyl phthalate （MBP）］ and two DEHP metabolites ［Mono（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （MEHP）， Mono（2-ethyl5-oxohexyl） phthalate， （MEOHP）］ and three estrogens ［estrone （E1）， 17β -estradiol （E2）， and estriol （E3）］ in urine were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After a natural logarithmic transformation of PAEs metabolite levels and estrogen concentration， multivariable linear regression was used to control potential confounders and determine the relationship between PAEs metabolite levels and estrogen concentration. ResultsThe detection rates of three PAEs metabolites in urine of pregnant women were more than 98%. The median corrected concentrations of MBP， MEHP and MEOHP were 5.18， 0.59 and 4.23 mg·kg-1， respectively. During the whole pregnancy， MEOHP was positively correlated with E1 （β=0.450， 95%CI： 0.057‒0.844）， and MBP was positively correlated with E3 （β=0.250， 95%CI： 0.034‒0.465）. Stratified by trimesters， MBP was positively correlated with E3 in the first trimester （β=0.428， 95%CI： 0.103‒0.752）. MEOHP was positively correlated with E1 in the second trimester （β=0.734， 95%CI： 0.130‒0.752）， and had a possitive trend with E1 in the third trimester （β=0.744， 95%CI： -0.140‒1.629）. In addition， MEHP had a negative correlation with E1 in the second trimester （β=-0.498， 95%CI： -1.063‒0.066）. MEOHP had a positive correlation trend with E2 （β=0.628， 95%CI： -0.101‒1.356） in the third trimester. ConclusionPAEs exposure may interfere with estrogen homeostasis during pregnancy and differs by trimesters. Given the cross-sectional nature of this study， it warrants further study to validate the findings.
WU Linying, YANG Zichen, XUAN Dongliang, WANG Yuanping, TIAN Jing, WANG Yi, HAN Minghui, WANG Hexing, PENG Qian, JIANG Qingwu. Effect of exposure to typical phthalate esters on estrogen homeostasis during pregnancy[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 623-628. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.22030.
2022, 34(7): 629-633.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21711
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the association between air pollutants （PM2.5， PM10， SO2， NO2） and death from respiratory diseases in Wuhan. MethodsDaily air pollutants， meteorological data and mortality from respiratory disease between 2014 and 2019 were collected for a descriptive analysis. A time series semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to determine the exposure-effect relationship between atmospheric pollutants and daily mortality from respiratory diseases，and the excess risk （ER） was used to quantify the effects of air pollutants on death from respiratory diseases. ResultsThere was significant effect of PM2.5， PM10， SO2 and NO2 on respiratory diseases mortality. In the period with strongest effect， the ER of death from respiratory diseases were 2.803%（95%CI：2.151%‒3.460%）， 1.878%（95%CI：1.477%‒2.281%）， 10.210%（95%CI：7.922%‒12.549%）， 4.564%（95%CI：3.530%‒5.608%）， along with an incremental 10 μg·m-3 of PM2.5，PM10，SO2 and NO2， respectively. Furthermore， females were more sensitive to PM2.5， SO2 and NO2， while males were more sensitive to PM10. Residents aged less than 65 years were more sensitive to PM2.5 and NO2， and those older than 65 years were more sensitive to PM10 and SO2. ConclusionAir pollutants （PM2.5， PM10， SO2， and NO2） in Wuhan are associated with the death from respiratory diseases. Therefore， at-risk groups should be considered for formulating local policies against air pollution.
ZHAO Yuanyuan, YANG Niannian, DAI Juan, ZHANG Xiaoxia, YAN Yaqiong. Association between air pollution and death from respiratory diseases in Wuhan from 2014 to 2019[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 629-633. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21711.
2022, 34(7): 634-637.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21807
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the individual dose level and changing trend in the occupational external exposure of radiation workers in Shanghai， and provide scientific evidence for health risk assessment for radiation workers. MethodsIn the Occupational Health Management System for Radiation Workers of the National Health Commission-External Exposure Personal Monitoring and Management Subsystem， we retrieved the monitoring data of 38 077 external exposure individual dose of all medical radiation workers in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019. Using clustered sampling method， a total of 11 370 radiation workers in medical institutions （including tertiary， secondary， and primary hospitals） were selected in the study. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 22.0. ResultsThe collective annual effective dose of 11 370 radiation workers was determined to be 4.340 person Sv， including 2.270 man·mSv in diagnostic radiology， 1.112 man·mSv in interventional radiology， and <0.5 man·mSv in other categories. The average annual effective dose was 0.382 mSv， which was 0.482 mSv in nuclear medicine， 0.431 mSv in radiotherapy， and <0.5 mSv in other categories. Moreover， the average annual effective dose of 6 workers （0.05%） was higher than 5 mSv， whereas that of 10 453 workers （92%） were less than 1 mSv； in addition， the annual dose of 911 workers （8.0%） was between 1‒5 mSv. All workers had average annual effctive dose lower than 20 mSv. The annual effective dose differed significantly by years （F=161.1， P<0.01）， by occupational groups （F=13.5， P<0.01）， and by hospital levels （F=264.5， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe average annual effective dose of radiation workers in medical institutions in Shanghai is lower than the national standard limit， suggesting proper and adequate radiation protection system and measures in medical institutions.
QIAN Aijun, WEN Xuexin, GAO Linfeng, YAO Jie. Monitoring on individual dose among radiation workers in medical institutions in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 634-637. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21807.
WANG Ziyi,
WENG Jian,
WANG Hongzhu,
SHENG Ying,
LI Guixia,
CHEN Xikai,
LI Congcong,
GUAN Yaya,
SHEN Weiwei
2022, 34(7): 638-641.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21769
Abstract:
ObjectiveWe examined the principal respiratory pathogens in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in Taizhou， Zhejiang Province during 2020‒2021 to provide evidence for prevention， diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory tract infection. MethodsFrom September 2020 to August 2021， a total of 2 831 cases with acute respiratory tract infection were collected from two influenza sentinel surveillance hospitals in Taizhou， which had then received the examination of 22 respiratory pathogens by multiple fluorescence quantitative PCR. ResultsThe total positive rate of respiratory pathogens in 2 831 samples was 14.13%， among which enterovirus （7.77%） and respiratory syncytial virus （1.59%） were the principal pathogens. Except enterovirus， there was no significant difference in the positive rate of pathogens detected by gender（P>0.05）. Moreover， there was significant difference in pathogens by age （P<0.05）， with the highest positive rate in 0‒4 years（35.21%）. There was also significant difference in pathogens by seasons （P<0.05）， with the highest positive rate in summer（20.54%）. ConclusionThe positive rate of acute respiratory tract infection decreases significantly， compared with that before the COVID-19 epidemic. The differences in the positive rate differ significantly by age and seasons. Comprehensive consideration of diverse factors before diagnosis and the utilization of multiple fluorescent quantitative PCR can quickly and effectively determine the pathogens in the early stage of infection. Our findings may provide certain support for the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections in the context of COVID-19 in Taizhou.
WANG Ziyi, WENG Jian, WANG Hongzhu, SHENG Ying, LI Guixia, CHEN Xikai, LI Congcong, GUAN Yaya, SHEN Weiwei. Etiological analysis of acute respiratory tract infection in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province from 2020 to 2021[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 638-641. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21769.
2022, 34(7): 642-645.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21795
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo perform the analysis of influenza surveillance in Dehong from 2016 to 2020 and determine the epidemic situation of influenza and prevalent virus strains， so as to provide evidence for local influenza prevention and control. MethodsThe influenza surveillance data in Dehong Prefecture was collected from January 2016 to December 2020. Statistical analysis was conducted by descriptive epidemiological methods. ResultsA total of 4 146 samples from influenza-like illness cases were examined. The 502 specimens tested positive for influenza virus， including 311 cases with influenza A virus and 136 cases with influenza B virus， resulting in a positive rate of 12.11%. The positive rate was the highest in 2017， followed by 2019， and the lowest in 2020 （P < 0.05）. It peaked in winter and fall. Furthermore， it was the lowest among children aged 0‒4 years and the highest among adults aged 25‒59 （P < 0.001）. In addition， positive rate did not differ significantly by gender（P>0.05） ConclusionThe positive rate of influenza has decreased in Dehong since January 2020. The influenza epidemic is seasonal， mainly in fall and winter， except 2020. Influenza A virus is predominant， compared to alternating influenza B virus.
YANG Shanrui, GUAN Guoping, KANG Hongjun, YANG Kang, LUO Dingfu. Analysis of influenza surveillance in Dehong Prefecture， Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 642-645. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21795.
2022, 34(7): 646-649.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21771
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome （SFTS）， and the association with seasonal fluctuation in tick density， so as to provide scientific evidence for better control and prevention measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the SFTS epidemic situation in Chongyang County from 2013 to 2021. The cloth flag method was used to investigate the seasonal fluctuation in tick density and determine the association with the SFTS. ResultsA total of 71 SFTS cases were reported in Chongyang County from 2013 to 2021 including 8 deaths， with the annual morbidity rate of 1.88/10-5. The majority were mainly from June to August， accounting for 61.97% of the total reported cases. The cases were geographically distributed in 41 administrative villages and 4 urban areas in 11 towns. The highest incidence was in Lukou town （n=26） and Baini town （n=12）， which accounted for 53.52% of the total reported cases. Furthermore， the cases were mainly 50‒69 years old， accounting for 57.75% of the total reported cases. The ratio of male to female was 1.84∶1， and most were farmers. Blood samples during acute phase in 41 cases were collected for examination of SFTS virus， of which 25 cases tested positive （60.98%）. There was a positive association between tick density and the number of reported SFTS cases （r=0.78， P=0.003）. ConclusionSeasonal density of free adult ticks and nymphs is associated with the number of reported SFTS cases in Chongyang County.
LEI Xinjun, KONG Jinping, XIONG Jinfeng, TAN Liangfei. Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and association with tick density[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 646-649. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21771.
2022, 34(7): 650-654.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21613
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infections in Lin’an District， Hangzhou City from 2012 to 2020， and provide scientific evidence for improving preventive and control measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to characterize the epidemic and conduct statistical analysis to determine related factors. ResultsA total of 37 clustered outbreaks of norovirus infection were reported in Lin’an District of Hangzhou from 2012 to 2020， including 8 outbreaks in kindergartens， 15 ones in elementary schools， 8 ones in middle and high schools， 2 ones in universities， and 4 other ones. The total number of cases with norovirus infection was 1 194， with the average attack rate of 3.76%. The incidence of norovirus was higher in winter and spring. It was also higher in urban areas， followed by suburban and mountainous areas neighbored to traffic lines. Moreover， attack rates differed significantly by transmission routes， including mixed contact and aerosol transmission， contact transmission， food-borne transmission， and water-borne transmission （χ2=186.91，P<0.001）. There was significant difference in the incidence among kindergartens， schools， and universities （χ2=980.15，P<0.001）. In the 37 outbreaks， norovirus were mainly classified as GⅡ in the 34 ones （accounting for 91.89%）， and GⅠ in the remaining 3 ones. ConclusionThe epidemic of norovirus infection in Lin’an District， Hangzhou City is characterized by certain population， time， space， transmission routes， and strains. It warrants enhanced health education and promotion， preparedness and response plan， syndromic surveillance， early alerting， school closure， and environmental disinfection for further prevention and control of norovirus infection.
SHI Shuiliang, LYU Lei, DUAN Tianxiao, ZHAO Ming, YE Yajun, YUAN Busheng, LI Xuan. Epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infection in Lin’an District of Hangzhou City from 2012 to 2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 650-654. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21613.
2022, 34(7): 655-659.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21560
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Shaanxi Province. MethodsEpidemiological analysis was conducted on the confirmed cases of COVID-19 （n=245） from January 23rd， 2020 through February 21st， 2020 based on the official data announced by Shaanxi Province. The effects of local population migration， prevention and control measures on the epidemic were explored. ResultsAs of February 21st， 2020， a total of 245 COVID-19 cases had been notified in Shaanxi Province， with a cumulative incidence rate of 0.63 per 100 000， of which imported cases accounted for 47.34%. The high incidence was observed between January 31st and February 5th. Xi’an had the largest number of COVID-19 cases， followed by Ankang， Hanzhong and Xianyang， totally accounting for 81.20% of the cases in the province. In terms of social factors， daily morbidity was positively correlated with Baidu migration scale index 14 days before. On January 25th， the provincial health emergency response was launched， and on January 31st， it was further upgraded for quarantine. On February 20th， the provincial prevention and control system was implemented by classified areas. There were no emerging local cases after February 21st and no confirmed cases for 28th consecutive days as of March 19th. Local cases and close contacts were cleared to zero on March 27th. ConclusionThe COVID-19 epidemic in Shaanxi Province is mainly concentrated in Guanzhong area and southern Shaanxi， with a widespread pattern in all cities. The prevention and control measures have effectively contained the epidemic， with a declining incidence. However， quarantine of suspected cases and close contacts remains crucial for routine prevention and control strategy.
LI Zecheng, ZHU Jixu, ZHANG Lin, WANG Jiuping, CHEN Zhangqian. Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of 245 COVID⁃19 cases in Shaanxi Province in 2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 655-659. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21560.
2022, 34(7): 660-664.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21630
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the pathogenic characteristics and genotype of two outbreaks of herpangina in children in Dapeng New District， Shenzhen， in May 2021. MethodsA total of five throat swabs from children in the two outbreaks of herpangina were collected and examined for common enteroviruses by real-time PCR. The VP1 region was further amplified by nested RT-PCR. The CLUSTAL W program in MEGA7 software was used to conduct the alignment and reconstruct a phylogenetic tree. ResultsThe pathogen causing the 2 cluster outbreaks of herpangina was coxsackievirus A4 （CVA4）. The sequences of CVA4 VP1 genes revealed that a nucleotide identity of 92% between the strains in the two outbreaks. The three CVA4 strains isolated in kindergarten A had the closest phylogenetic relationship with that isolated in Shenzhen in 2018（MN840533）， with the nucleotide identity of 98.11%. The two strains in kindergarten B had the closest phylogenetic relationship with CVA4 strain isolated in Sichuan in 2018（MW178763）， with the nucleotide identity of 97.88%. The phylogenetic tree showed that all five CVA4 strains in this study belonged to the C2 genotype. ConclusionThe C2 genotype of CVA4 is the causative agent in both outbreaks of herpangina.
HUANG Miaofen, WANG Wenxiang, LIAN Xianqiang, YANG Yue. Pathogen identification and genotyping of two cluster outbreaks of herpangina in children in Dapeng New District， Shenzhen[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 660-664. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21630.
2022, 34(7): 665-670.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21564
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the pathogenic cause in a foodborne diseases outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in a company in Suzhou City， and provide evidence for epidemiological investigation and guidance for clinical treatment. MethodsRelevant specimens were examined for Salmonella， Shigella， Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Furthermore， for the isolated Salmonella enteritidis， a micro broth dilution method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing， and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） was used for molecular typing. ResultsA total of 44 strains of Salmonella enteritidis were detected from 43 anal swabs of the patients in the outbreak， 7 anal swabs of canteen employees， 31 retained food specimens and 6 environmental specimens. A total of 15 antimicrobial susceptibility testings showed that the 44 strains had the same antimicrobial resistance spectrum， which was 100% resistant to cefazolin， ampicillin， ampicillin/sulbactam， polymyxin E and nalidixic acid， suggesting a multi-drug resistance to more than three antibiotics. PFGE cluster analysis showed that the 44 strains had a 100% of genetic similarity. ConclusionThe outbreak is caused by the consumption of food contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis. The isolated strains have multi-drug resistance， which could guide appropriate antimicrobial treatment based on the antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
ZHU Liqin, ZOU Wenyan, ZHANG Menghan, WANG Xiaolong, CUI Jiarui. Etiological characteristics of a foodborne diseases outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in Suzhou[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 665-670. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21564.
2022, 34(7): 671-675.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21804
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo explore the association between total iron， iron supplements， dietary total iron， heme iron intake and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus（GDM）. MethodsA total of 668 pregnant women who gave birth in one hospital in Shanghai during January 2020 to July 2021 were included in a retrospective cohort study. Baseline characteristics and data of iron supplements in second trimester were collected through a questionnaire. A simplified dietary frequency questionnaire was used to quantify the food intake in second trimester. Total iron， iron supplements， dietary total iron， and heme iron intake was classified into groups by quintile and median. The association between iron intake from different sources and risk of GDM was determined using logistic regression analysis. ResultsAfter correction for age， family history of diabetes， overweight / obesity before pregnancy， hemoglobin（Hb）in first trimester， energy， carbohydrate energy， protein， and free sugar， it showed no association between total iron intake and risk of GDM （P>0.05）， while elevated risk of GDM among women with high iron supplements intake （OR=1.65； 95%CI： 1.14‒2.39）， and decreased risk of GDM among those with high dietary total iron intake （OR=0.53； 95%CI： 0.35‒0.81）. However， no association was found between heme iron intake and risk of GDM （P>0.05）. ConclusionHigh dietary total iron intake may be a protective factor， while high iron supplements may be a risk factor for GDM. It suggests that pregnant women should carefully choose high-dose iron-containing supplements in the absence of iron deficiency， as dietary iron intake should be the priority.
HUANG Yijing, CAI Yuyang. Association between iron intake from different sources and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus： a retrospective cohort study[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 671-675. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21804.
2022, 34(7): 676-680.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21781
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the alcohol drinking among high school students， determine the possible influencing factors， and provide scientific evidence for effective control of alcohol drinking among high school students. MethodsThis study adopted stratified cluster sampling and included 4 high schools in Changning District （including one vocational high school）. Self-designed questionnaires were used to investigate alcohol drinking related knowledge and behavior among high school students. The questionnaire included demographics， alcohol drinking frequency and scenarios. SPSS 20.0 was used for Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. ResultsThere were 811 high school students included in this study. The proportion of ever alcohol drinking was determined to be 48.09% （n=390） among students. Furthermore， 36.13% （n=293） reported alcohol drinking in the past year， and 14.80% （n=120） reported drinking in the past month. The proportion of excessive alcohol drinking was 8.26% （n=67） and that of alcohol dependence was 3.58% （n=29）. Moreover， the proportion of Chinese Baijiu （Chinese liquor） drinking in the past month was significantly higher than that in the past year （P<0.05）. In contrast， the proportions of wine and rice wine drinking in the past month was significantly lower than those in the past year （P<0.05）. The logistic regression model suggested no alcohol drinking in the past 30 days， parents disagreeing to their children’s drinking， some of friends having alcohol drinking， higher frequency of attending friend gatherings， and smoking were significantly associated with alcohol drinking among the students. ConclusionAlcohol drinking is moderately prevalent among high school students. Possible influencing factors may be correlated to their parents and friends. It warrants targeted intervention measures to prevent and control the early alcohol drinking among adolescents to avert alcohol dependence.
QIAN Lei, TANG Chuanxi, WU Jingui. Alcohol drinking and influencing factors among high school students in Changning District， Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 676-680. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21781.
2022, 34(7): 681-686.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21587
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors associated with colorectal adenoma among the residents in Nanchang city， and provide scientific evidence for primary preventive measures against colorectal cancer. MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted. A total of 155 patients newly diagnosed with colorectal adenomas during 2018‒2019 were selected as cases， and 155 healthy persons attending the screening as controls. Both the case group and control group completed the questionnaires on the risk factors. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0. ResultsAge， gender， and educational level were used for match between case group and control group. Conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that salted and dried food intake（OR=5.634， 95%CI：1.308‒24.256）， smoking（OR=3.266， 95%CI：1.419‒7.518）， passive smoking（OR=3.125，95%CI：1.415‒6.898）， and hyperlipidemia （OR=3.975， 95%CI：1.643‒9.618）were associated with higher risk of colorectal adenoma. In contrast， coarse grain intake ≥500 g/week （OR=0.377， 95%CI：0.177‒0.805） was a protective factor. ConclusionColorectal adenoma may be caused by multiple risk factors， particularly salted and dried food intake， smoking， passive smoking and hyperlipidemia. It warrants specific intervention to reduce the risk of colorectal adenoma.
WEI Qingfeng, XU Yanhong, WANG Xiaobo, XIONG Xiaoling, XIONG Wenyan. A matched case-control study on risk factors associated with colorectal adenoma among residents of Nanchang City， Jiangxi Province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 681-686. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21587.
2022, 34(7): 687-692.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21802
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the influencing factors associated with delayed time in pre-hospital emergency medical care in patients with hypertensive emergency in the main urban area of Chongqing. MethodsA total of 1 246 patients with hypertension in the main urban area of Chongqing from March 2018 to August 2021 were included in this study. The delayed time in the pre-hospital emergency medical care was determined. A multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. ResultsThe delayed time in the pre-hospital emergency medical care for the patients with hypertensive emergency was concentrated in 0‒12 h， with the average of （5.89±1.96） h. The delayed time differed significantly by gender， age， history of atrial fibrillation， diabetes， educational level， time of onset， mode of transportation， awareness of hypertensive emergency， blood pressure at the onset， and presence of persons at the onset of emergency （P<0.05）. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that educational level， time of onset， blood pressure at the onset， awareness of hypertensive emergency， presence of persons at the onset were linearly correlated with delayed time in the pre-hospital medical care for hypertensive emergencies （P<0.05）. ConclusionDelay in pre-hospital medical care is prevalent for patients with hypertensive emergency in the main urban area of Chongqing. The delayed time is associated with multiple factors， such as educational level， time of onset， blood pressure at onset， awareness of hypertensive emergency， and presence of persons at onset. It warrants further improvement in the interventions to reduce the delay in the pre-hospital medical care.
ZENG Yong, TANG Guoqiang. Influencing factors associated with delayed time in pre-hospital emergency medical care for hypertensive emergency in the main urban area of Chongqing[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 687-692. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21802.
2022, 34(7): 693-698.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21345
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo establish microbial limit test methods for 44 pediatric drugs. MethodsAccording to the general guidelines in Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2015 and 2020 edition， volume Ⅳ），a suitability test of the methods for 44 drugs was carried out by pour-plate method， neutralization method or dilution method. ResultsTotal aerobic microbial count： chemical oral liquid samples can be tested by 1∶10 plate method；traditional Chinese medicine need to be neutralized firstly. Then oral liquids could be tested by 1∶10 plate method and 1∶100 plate method was used for granules. Total count of molds and yeasts： all the samples can be tested by the 1∶10 plate method. The recoveries of five test strains were between 0.5 and 2.0. The specified microorganisms were all detected in the test group， while not found in the negative control group. ConclusionThe microbial limit test methods for the 44 pediatric drugs are established and the results are reliable and can be used in the quality control．
YANG Yan, LI Fang, QIN Feng, LIU Hao, YANG Meicheng. Establishment and analysis of microbial limit test methods for commonly used pediatric drugs[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 693-698. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21345.
2022, 34(7): 699-704.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21659
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the resistance to beta-cypermethrin in Aedes albopictus in Xuhui District， Shanghai， China， and determine the effects of insecticide components， concentration and distance on eliminating resistant population of Aedes albopictus in ultra-low volume （ULV） spray， which would provide scientific evidence for effective mosquito control strategy and rational use of beta-cypermethrin. MethodsLarval impregnation method recommended by the World Health Organization was used to determine the drug resistance in Aedes albopictus larvae to calculate the median lethal concentration （LC50） of insecticides to Aedes albopictus larvae. The resistance to insecticides in female adults of Aedes albopictus was measured by the adult mosquito contact tube method recommended by the World Health Organization， and the 24-hour mortality （%） of female mosquitoes caused by insecticides was measured. Then the 24-hour mortality （%） of resistant female adults of Aedes albopictus due to beta cypermethrin monotherapy and compound agents was calculated by ULV spray. ResultIn 2016， 2017， 2019 and 2021， the resistance ratio in Aedes albopictus larvae to beta-cypermethrin was 9.22， 68.22， 37.33 and 59.22， respectively. In 2021， the 24-hour mortality of Aedes albopictus female adults was 62.07%. ULV sprayer experiments were performed using 4.5% beta-cypermethrin （single dose） and 12.0% beta-cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos （compound dose）. The 24-hour mortality increased with the concentration of the insecticides. The overall mortality caused by compound was higher than that by single dose. The mortality were 24.24%， 31.60% and 97.83% at the concentrations of 0.045 0%， 0.067 5% and 0.090 0% for single dose， respectively， and 58.87%， 61.62% and 90.00% at the concentrations of 0.12%， 0.18% and 0.24% for compound dose， respectively. There was no significant difference in mortality when spraying distance was 10 m， 30 m and 50 m. ConclusionAedes albopictus in Xuhui District is developed varying resistance to beta-cypermethrin. It warrants to strengthen the monitoring on insecticide resistance to formulate scientific and reasonable strategy for insecticide use. and reduce the resistance level of the Aedes albopictus to beta-cypermethrin. Compound dose is recommended to improve the effect. In addition， comprehensive treatment may be adopted to reduce the resistance.
ZHU Wei, LIU Yao, LIU Xiangyu, LIU Hongxia. Trend in resistance to beta-cypermethrin in Aedes albopictus and preliminary strategies of beta-cypermethrin use in Xuhui District， Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 699-704. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21659.
2022, 34(7): 705-711.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21705
Abstract:
Malignant tumors can be classified into three categories， rapidly progressing tumors， slowly progressing tumors， and "indolent" tumors. Rapidly progressing tumors （such as liver cancer， pancreatic cancer， and cholangiocarcinoma） have acute onset， shorter time duration from onset to death， and poorer treatment effects， which warrants primary prevention. Slowly progressing tumors （such as lung cancer， colorectal cancer， breast cancer， and gastric cancer） have slow onset， clear precancerous lesions， longer time duration from onset to death， and better therapeutic effects， which is accordingly suitable for secondary prevention. “Indolent” tumors （such as prostate and thyroid cancer） do not affect the life expectancy and are suitable for tertiary prevention. Early screening of “indolent” tumors may lead to overtreatment. Furthermore， early screening of rapidly progressing tumors is difficult to identify early cancers， which results in low cost-effectiveness. In contrast， for slowly progressing tumors suitable for secondary prevention， early screening may have cost-effectiveness， though there might be over-diagnosis. It is crucial to adopt appropriate prevention and treatment strategies for diverse types of tumors. Currently， large-scale cohort studies and randomized controlled clinical trials with complete follow-up may accurately evaluate the effect of cancer prevention strategies. This review discusses the significance of screening in precision prevention of tumors based on the characteristics of tumor progression and patients’ prognosis.
Malignant tumors can be classified into three categories， rapidly progressing tumors， slowly progressing tumors， and "indolent" tumors. Rapidly progressing tumors （such as liver cancer， pancreatic cancer， and cholangiocarcinoma） have acute onset， shorter time duration from onset to death， and poorer treatment effects， which warrants primary prevention. Slowly progressing tumors （such as lung cancer， colorectal cancer， breast cancer， and gastric cancer） have slow onset， clear precancerous lesions， longer time duration from onset to death， and better therapeutic effects， which is accordingly suitable for secondary prevention. “Indolent” tumors （such as prostate and thyroid cancer） do not affect the life expectancy and are suitable for tertiary prevention. Early screening of “indolent” tumors may lead to overtreatment. Furthermore， early screening of rapidly progressing tumors is difficult to identify early cancers， which results in low cost-effectiveness. In contrast， for slowly progressing tumors suitable for secondary prevention， early screening may have cost-effectiveness， though there might be over-diagnosis. It is crucial to adopt appropriate prevention and treatment strategies for diverse types of tumors. Currently， large-scale cohort studies and randomized controlled clinical trials with complete follow-up may accurately evaluate the effect of cancer prevention strategies. This review discusses the significance of screening in precision prevention of tumors based on the characteristics of tumor progression and patients’ prognosis.
CAI Shiliang, PU Rui, LIU Donghong, LI Zishuai, ZHOU Xinyu, CHEN Hongsen, HE Yida, CAO Guangwen. Screening strategy on precision prevention strategies for three types of malignant tumors[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 705-711. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21705.
2022, 34(7): 712-718.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21647
Abstract:
Radar uses electromagnetic waves to detect， track and locate objects at certain distances， which is widely used in military， meteorological， navigation and other fields. Radar emits electromagnetic waves outward and produces non-ionizing radiation， which may be considered as a physical occupational hazard. Epidemiological surveys found that long-term exposure to radar is associated with various adverse health effects， which may be correlated to transmitted power and frequency of radar， location of radar antenna， position of workers， and shielding effectiveness of cabins where work station is located. Based on radar frequency and electromagnetic radiation intensity， this study summarizes the health effects of radar on occupational population exposed to radar.
Radar uses electromagnetic waves to detect， track and locate objects at certain distances， which is widely used in military， meteorological， navigation and other fields. Radar emits electromagnetic waves outward and produces non-ionizing radiation， which may be considered as a physical occupational hazard. Epidemiological surveys found that long-term exposure to radar is associated with various adverse health effects， which may be correlated to transmitted power and frequency of radar， location of radar antenna， position of workers， and shielding effectiveness of cabins where work station is located. Based on radar frequency and electromagnetic radiation intensity， this study summarizes the health effects of radar on occupational population exposed to radar.
LAI Jiayi, JIN Kezhi. Research progress on health effect of occupational exposure to radar[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 712-718. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21647.
2022, 34(7): 719-723.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21673
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo design and evaluate the ideological and political teaching in the Medical Statistics as a public basic course for postgraduates in a medical school. MethodsThrough expert consultation， literature review， investigation， we designed the main points in the ideological and political teaching for the Medical Statistics. Students' satisfaction and demand of ideological and political teaching were investigated by a questionnaire. Furthermore， effect of ideological and political teaching was evaluated. ResultsA total of 178 out of 201 graduate students in Grade 2020 in a medical university completed the survey， accounting for 88.56%， with a response rate of 100%. Among them， 84.27% of the students believed it was necessary to implement ideological and political teaching for the Medical Statistics， and 90.45% expected that ideological and political teaching could be combined with case studies. The comparison before and after class showed that the students’ correct understanding of data acquisition has been greatly improved from 78.65% to 100%. In addition， the proportion of those who were dedicated to studying increased from 89.88% to 97.75%. ConclusionThe ideological and political teaching for Medical Statistics can be implemented in combination with case studies. Ideological and political teaching may improve the courses with practical operation of knowledge and skills.
WU Cheng, QIN Yingyi, WU Shengyong, WANG Rui. Design and evaluation of ideological and political teaching of Medical Statistics for postgraduates[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 719-723. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21673.
2022, 34(7): 724-724.
Abstract:
. 上海预防医学第7期封面与目次[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 724-724.
WU Linying,
YANG Zichen,
XUAN Dongliang,
WANG Yuanping,
TIAN Jing,
WANG Yi,
HAN Minghui,
WANG Hexing,
PENG Qian,
JIANG Qingwu
2022, 34(7): 623-628
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.22030
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the relationship between the exposure to two kinds of phthalate esters （PAEs） ［Di-N-butyl phthalate，（DBP） and Di-（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate （DEHP）］ and estrogen homeostasis in pregnant women. MethodsIn 2021， we classified the Jiading District of Shanghai into five geographical areas， east， west， south， north and central. A total of 151 pregnant women from each area were selected for questionnaire survey， with random urine samples during first， second， and third trimesters collected. A DBP metabolite ［Mono-N-butyl phthalate （MBP）］ and two DEHP metabolites ［Mono（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （MEHP）， Mono（2-ethyl5-oxohexyl） phthalate， （MEOHP）］ and three estrogens ［estrone （E1）， 17β -estradiol （E2）， and estriol （E3）］ in urine were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After a natural logarithmic transformation of PAEs metabolite levels and estrogen concentration， multivariable linear regression was used to control potential confounders and determine the relationship between PAEs metabolite levels and estrogen concentration. ResultsThe detection rates of three PAEs metabolites in urine of pregnant women were more than 98%. The median corrected concentrations of MBP， MEHP and MEOHP were 5.18， 0.59 and 4.23 mg·kg-1， respectively. During the whole pregnancy， MEOHP was positively correlated with E1 （β=0.450， 95%CI： 0.057‒0.844）， and MBP was positively correlated with E3 （β=0.250， 95%CI： 0.034‒0.465）. Stratified by trimesters， MBP was positively correlated with E3 in the first trimester （β=0.428， 95%CI： 0.103‒0.752）. MEOHP was positively correlated with E1 in the second trimester （β=0.734， 95%CI： 0.130‒0.752）， and had a possitive trend with E1 in the third trimester （β=0.744， 95%CI： -0.140‒1.629）. In addition， MEHP had a negative correlation with E1 in the second trimester （β=-0.498， 95%CI： -1.063‒0.066）. MEOHP had a positive correlation trend with E2 （β=0.628， 95%CI： -0.101‒1.356） in the third trimester. ConclusionPAEs exposure may interfere with estrogen homeostasis during pregnancy and differs by trimesters. Given the cross-sectional nature of this study， it warrants further study to validate the findings.
WU Linying, YANG Zichen, XUAN Dongliang, WANG Yuanping, TIAN Jing, WANG Yi, HAN Minghui, WANG Hexing, PENG Qian, JIANG Qingwu. Effect of exposure to typical phthalate esters on estrogen homeostasis during pregnancy[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 623-628. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.22030.
2022, 34(7): 629-633
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21711
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the association between air pollutants （PM2.5， PM10， SO2， NO2） and death from respiratory diseases in Wuhan. MethodsDaily air pollutants， meteorological data and mortality from respiratory disease between 2014 and 2019 were collected for a descriptive analysis. A time series semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to determine the exposure-effect relationship between atmospheric pollutants and daily mortality from respiratory diseases，and the excess risk （ER） was used to quantify the effects of air pollutants on death from respiratory diseases. ResultsThere was significant effect of PM2.5， PM10， SO2 and NO2 on respiratory diseases mortality. In the period with strongest effect， the ER of death from respiratory diseases were 2.803%（95%CI：2.151%‒3.460%）， 1.878%（95%CI：1.477%‒2.281%）， 10.210%（95%CI：7.922%‒12.549%）， 4.564%（95%CI：3.530%‒5.608%）， along with an incremental 10 μg·m-3 of PM2.5，PM10，SO2 and NO2， respectively. Furthermore， females were more sensitive to PM2.5， SO2 and NO2， while males were more sensitive to PM10. Residents aged less than 65 years were more sensitive to PM2.5 and NO2， and those older than 65 years were more sensitive to PM10 and SO2. ConclusionAir pollutants （PM2.5， PM10， SO2， and NO2） in Wuhan are associated with the death from respiratory diseases. Therefore， at-risk groups should be considered for formulating local policies against air pollution.
ZHAO Yuanyuan, YANG Niannian, DAI Juan, ZHANG Xiaoxia, YAN Yaqiong. Association between air pollution and death from respiratory diseases in Wuhan from 2014 to 2019[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 629-633. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21711.
2022, 34(7): 634-637
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21807
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the individual dose level and changing trend in the occupational external exposure of radiation workers in Shanghai， and provide scientific evidence for health risk assessment for radiation workers. MethodsIn the Occupational Health Management System for Radiation Workers of the National Health Commission-External Exposure Personal Monitoring and Management Subsystem， we retrieved the monitoring data of 38 077 external exposure individual dose of all medical radiation workers in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019. Using clustered sampling method， a total of 11 370 radiation workers in medical institutions （including tertiary， secondary， and primary hospitals） were selected in the study. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 22.0. ResultsThe collective annual effective dose of 11 370 radiation workers was determined to be 4.340 person Sv， including 2.270 man·mSv in diagnostic radiology， 1.112 man·mSv in interventional radiology， and <0.5 man·mSv in other categories. The average annual effective dose was 0.382 mSv， which was 0.482 mSv in nuclear medicine， 0.431 mSv in radiotherapy， and <0.5 mSv in other categories. Moreover， the average annual effective dose of 6 workers （0.05%） was higher than 5 mSv， whereas that of 10 453 workers （92%） were less than 1 mSv； in addition， the annual dose of 911 workers （8.0%） was between 1‒5 mSv. All workers had average annual effctive dose lower than 20 mSv. The annual effective dose differed significantly by years （F=161.1， P<0.01）， by occupational groups （F=13.5， P<0.01）， and by hospital levels （F=264.5， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe average annual effective dose of radiation workers in medical institutions in Shanghai is lower than the national standard limit， suggesting proper and adequate radiation protection system and measures in medical institutions.
QIAN Aijun, WEN Xuexin, GAO Linfeng, YAO Jie. Monitoring on individual dose among radiation workers in medical institutions in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 634-637. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21807.
WANG Ziyi,
WENG Jian,
WANG Hongzhu,
SHENG Ying,
LI Guixia,
CHEN Xikai,
LI Congcong,
GUAN Yaya,
SHEN Weiwei
2022, 34(7): 638-641
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21769
Abstract:
ObjectiveWe examined the principal respiratory pathogens in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in Taizhou， Zhejiang Province during 2020‒2021 to provide evidence for prevention， diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory tract infection. MethodsFrom September 2020 to August 2021， a total of 2 831 cases with acute respiratory tract infection were collected from two influenza sentinel surveillance hospitals in Taizhou， which had then received the examination of 22 respiratory pathogens by multiple fluorescence quantitative PCR. ResultsThe total positive rate of respiratory pathogens in 2 831 samples was 14.13%， among which enterovirus （7.77%） and respiratory syncytial virus （1.59%） were the principal pathogens. Except enterovirus， there was no significant difference in the positive rate of pathogens detected by gender（P>0.05）. Moreover， there was significant difference in pathogens by age （P<0.05）， with the highest positive rate in 0‒4 years（35.21%）. There was also significant difference in pathogens by seasons （P<0.05）， with the highest positive rate in summer（20.54%）. ConclusionThe positive rate of acute respiratory tract infection decreases significantly， compared with that before the COVID-19 epidemic. The differences in the positive rate differ significantly by age and seasons. Comprehensive consideration of diverse factors before diagnosis and the utilization of multiple fluorescent quantitative PCR can quickly and effectively determine the pathogens in the early stage of infection. Our findings may provide certain support for the diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections in the context of COVID-19 in Taizhou.
WANG Ziyi, WENG Jian, WANG Hongzhu, SHENG Ying, LI Guixia, CHEN Xikai, LI Congcong, GUAN Yaya, SHEN Weiwei. Etiological analysis of acute respiratory tract infection in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province from 2020 to 2021[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 638-641. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21769.
2022, 34(7): 642-645
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21795
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo perform the analysis of influenza surveillance in Dehong from 2016 to 2020 and determine the epidemic situation of influenza and prevalent virus strains， so as to provide evidence for local influenza prevention and control. MethodsThe influenza surveillance data in Dehong Prefecture was collected from January 2016 to December 2020. Statistical analysis was conducted by descriptive epidemiological methods. ResultsA total of 4 146 samples from influenza-like illness cases were examined. The 502 specimens tested positive for influenza virus， including 311 cases with influenza A virus and 136 cases with influenza B virus， resulting in a positive rate of 12.11%. The positive rate was the highest in 2017， followed by 2019， and the lowest in 2020 （P < 0.05）. It peaked in winter and fall. Furthermore， it was the lowest among children aged 0‒4 years and the highest among adults aged 25‒59 （P < 0.001）. In addition， positive rate did not differ significantly by gender（P>0.05） ConclusionThe positive rate of influenza has decreased in Dehong since January 2020. The influenza epidemic is seasonal， mainly in fall and winter， except 2020. Influenza A virus is predominant， compared to alternating influenza B virus.
YANG Shanrui, GUAN Guoping, KANG Hongjun, YANG Kang, LUO Dingfu. Analysis of influenza surveillance in Dehong Prefecture， Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 642-645. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21795.
2022, 34(7): 646-649
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21771
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome （SFTS）， and the association with seasonal fluctuation in tick density， so as to provide scientific evidence for better control and prevention measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the SFTS epidemic situation in Chongyang County from 2013 to 2021. The cloth flag method was used to investigate the seasonal fluctuation in tick density and determine the association with the SFTS. ResultsA total of 71 SFTS cases were reported in Chongyang County from 2013 to 2021 including 8 deaths， with the annual morbidity rate of 1.88/10-5. The majority were mainly from June to August， accounting for 61.97% of the total reported cases. The cases were geographically distributed in 41 administrative villages and 4 urban areas in 11 towns. The highest incidence was in Lukou town （n=26） and Baini town （n=12）， which accounted for 53.52% of the total reported cases. Furthermore， the cases were mainly 50‒69 years old， accounting for 57.75% of the total reported cases. The ratio of male to female was 1.84∶1， and most were farmers. Blood samples during acute phase in 41 cases were collected for examination of SFTS virus， of which 25 cases tested positive （60.98%）. There was a positive association between tick density and the number of reported SFTS cases （r=0.78， P=0.003）. ConclusionSeasonal density of free adult ticks and nymphs is associated with the number of reported SFTS cases in Chongyang County.
LEI Xinjun, KONG Jinping, XIONG Jinfeng, TAN Liangfei. Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and association with tick density[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 646-649. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21771.
2022, 34(7): 650-654
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21613
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infections in Lin’an District， Hangzhou City from 2012 to 2020， and provide scientific evidence for improving preventive and control measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to characterize the epidemic and conduct statistical analysis to determine related factors. ResultsA total of 37 clustered outbreaks of norovirus infection were reported in Lin’an District of Hangzhou from 2012 to 2020， including 8 outbreaks in kindergartens， 15 ones in elementary schools， 8 ones in middle and high schools， 2 ones in universities， and 4 other ones. The total number of cases with norovirus infection was 1 194， with the average attack rate of 3.76%. The incidence of norovirus was higher in winter and spring. It was also higher in urban areas， followed by suburban and mountainous areas neighbored to traffic lines. Moreover， attack rates differed significantly by transmission routes， including mixed contact and aerosol transmission， contact transmission， food-borne transmission， and water-borne transmission （χ2=186.91，P<0.001）. There was significant difference in the incidence among kindergartens， schools， and universities （χ2=980.15，P<0.001）. In the 37 outbreaks， norovirus were mainly classified as GⅡ in the 34 ones （accounting for 91.89%）， and GⅠ in the remaining 3 ones. ConclusionThe epidemic of norovirus infection in Lin’an District， Hangzhou City is characterized by certain population， time， space， transmission routes， and strains. It warrants enhanced health education and promotion， preparedness and response plan， syndromic surveillance， early alerting， school closure， and environmental disinfection for further prevention and control of norovirus infection.
SHI Shuiliang, LYU Lei, DUAN Tianxiao, ZHAO Ming, YE Yajun, YUAN Busheng, LI Xuan. Epidemiological characteristics of norovirus infection in Lin’an District of Hangzhou City from 2012 to 2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 650-654. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21613.
2022, 34(7): 655-659
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21560
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Shaanxi Province. MethodsEpidemiological analysis was conducted on the confirmed cases of COVID-19 （n=245） from January 23rd， 2020 through February 21st， 2020 based on the official data announced by Shaanxi Province. The effects of local population migration， prevention and control measures on the epidemic were explored. ResultsAs of February 21st， 2020， a total of 245 COVID-19 cases had been notified in Shaanxi Province， with a cumulative incidence rate of 0.63 per 100 000， of which imported cases accounted for 47.34%. The high incidence was observed between January 31st and February 5th. Xi’an had the largest number of COVID-19 cases， followed by Ankang， Hanzhong and Xianyang， totally accounting for 81.20% of the cases in the province. In terms of social factors， daily morbidity was positively correlated with Baidu migration scale index 14 days before. On January 25th， the provincial health emergency response was launched， and on January 31st， it was further upgraded for quarantine. On February 20th， the provincial prevention and control system was implemented by classified areas. There were no emerging local cases after February 21st and no confirmed cases for 28th consecutive days as of March 19th. Local cases and close contacts were cleared to zero on March 27th. ConclusionThe COVID-19 epidemic in Shaanxi Province is mainly concentrated in Guanzhong area and southern Shaanxi， with a widespread pattern in all cities. The prevention and control measures have effectively contained the epidemic， with a declining incidence. However， quarantine of suspected cases and close contacts remains crucial for routine prevention and control strategy.
LI Zecheng, ZHU Jixu, ZHANG Lin, WANG Jiuping, CHEN Zhangqian. Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of 245 COVID⁃19 cases in Shaanxi Province in 2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 655-659. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21560.
2022, 34(7): 660-664
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21630
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the pathogenic characteristics and genotype of two outbreaks of herpangina in children in Dapeng New District， Shenzhen， in May 2021. MethodsA total of five throat swabs from children in the two outbreaks of herpangina were collected and examined for common enteroviruses by real-time PCR. The VP1 region was further amplified by nested RT-PCR. The CLUSTAL W program in MEGA7 software was used to conduct the alignment and reconstruct a phylogenetic tree. ResultsThe pathogen causing the 2 cluster outbreaks of herpangina was coxsackievirus A4 （CVA4）. The sequences of CVA4 VP1 genes revealed that a nucleotide identity of 92% between the strains in the two outbreaks. The three CVA4 strains isolated in kindergarten A had the closest phylogenetic relationship with that isolated in Shenzhen in 2018（MN840533）， with the nucleotide identity of 98.11%. The two strains in kindergarten B had the closest phylogenetic relationship with CVA4 strain isolated in Sichuan in 2018（MW178763）， with the nucleotide identity of 97.88%. The phylogenetic tree showed that all five CVA4 strains in this study belonged to the C2 genotype. ConclusionThe C2 genotype of CVA4 is the causative agent in both outbreaks of herpangina.
HUANG Miaofen, WANG Wenxiang, LIAN Xianqiang, YANG Yue. Pathogen identification and genotyping of two cluster outbreaks of herpangina in children in Dapeng New District， Shenzhen[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 660-664. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21630.
2022, 34(7): 665-670
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21564
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the pathogenic cause in a foodborne diseases outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in a company in Suzhou City， and provide evidence for epidemiological investigation and guidance for clinical treatment. MethodsRelevant specimens were examined for Salmonella， Shigella， Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Furthermore， for the isolated Salmonella enteritidis， a micro broth dilution method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing， and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） was used for molecular typing. ResultsA total of 44 strains of Salmonella enteritidis were detected from 43 anal swabs of the patients in the outbreak， 7 anal swabs of canteen employees， 31 retained food specimens and 6 environmental specimens. A total of 15 antimicrobial susceptibility testings showed that the 44 strains had the same antimicrobial resistance spectrum， which was 100% resistant to cefazolin， ampicillin， ampicillin/sulbactam， polymyxin E and nalidixic acid， suggesting a multi-drug resistance to more than three antibiotics. PFGE cluster analysis showed that the 44 strains had a 100% of genetic similarity. ConclusionThe outbreak is caused by the consumption of food contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis. The isolated strains have multi-drug resistance， which could guide appropriate antimicrobial treatment based on the antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
ZHU Liqin, ZOU Wenyan, ZHANG Menghan, WANG Xiaolong, CUI Jiarui. Etiological characteristics of a foodborne diseases outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in Suzhou[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 665-670. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21564.
2022, 34(7): 671-675
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21804
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo explore the association between total iron， iron supplements， dietary total iron， heme iron intake and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus（GDM）. MethodsA total of 668 pregnant women who gave birth in one hospital in Shanghai during January 2020 to July 2021 were included in a retrospective cohort study. Baseline characteristics and data of iron supplements in second trimester were collected through a questionnaire. A simplified dietary frequency questionnaire was used to quantify the food intake in second trimester. Total iron， iron supplements， dietary total iron， and heme iron intake was classified into groups by quintile and median. The association between iron intake from different sources and risk of GDM was determined using logistic regression analysis. ResultsAfter correction for age， family history of diabetes， overweight / obesity before pregnancy， hemoglobin（Hb）in first trimester， energy， carbohydrate energy， protein， and free sugar， it showed no association between total iron intake and risk of GDM （P>0.05）， while elevated risk of GDM among women with high iron supplements intake （OR=1.65； 95%CI： 1.14‒2.39）， and decreased risk of GDM among those with high dietary total iron intake （OR=0.53； 95%CI： 0.35‒0.81）. However， no association was found between heme iron intake and risk of GDM （P>0.05）. ConclusionHigh dietary total iron intake may be a protective factor， while high iron supplements may be a risk factor for GDM. It suggests that pregnant women should carefully choose high-dose iron-containing supplements in the absence of iron deficiency， as dietary iron intake should be the priority.
HUANG Yijing, CAI Yuyang. Association between iron intake from different sources and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus： a retrospective cohort study[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 671-675. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21804.
2022, 34(7): 676-680
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21781
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the alcohol drinking among high school students， determine the possible influencing factors， and provide scientific evidence for effective control of alcohol drinking among high school students. MethodsThis study adopted stratified cluster sampling and included 4 high schools in Changning District （including one vocational high school）. Self-designed questionnaires were used to investigate alcohol drinking related knowledge and behavior among high school students. The questionnaire included demographics， alcohol drinking frequency and scenarios. SPSS 20.0 was used for Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. ResultsThere were 811 high school students included in this study. The proportion of ever alcohol drinking was determined to be 48.09% （n=390） among students. Furthermore， 36.13% （n=293） reported alcohol drinking in the past year， and 14.80% （n=120） reported drinking in the past month. The proportion of excessive alcohol drinking was 8.26% （n=67） and that of alcohol dependence was 3.58% （n=29）. Moreover， the proportion of Chinese Baijiu （Chinese liquor） drinking in the past month was significantly higher than that in the past year （P<0.05）. In contrast， the proportions of wine and rice wine drinking in the past month was significantly lower than those in the past year （P<0.05）. The logistic regression model suggested no alcohol drinking in the past 30 days， parents disagreeing to their children’s drinking， some of friends having alcohol drinking， higher frequency of attending friend gatherings， and smoking were significantly associated with alcohol drinking among the students. ConclusionAlcohol drinking is moderately prevalent among high school students. Possible influencing factors may be correlated to their parents and friends. It warrants targeted intervention measures to prevent and control the early alcohol drinking among adolescents to avert alcohol dependence.
QIAN Lei, TANG Chuanxi, WU Jingui. Alcohol drinking and influencing factors among high school students in Changning District， Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 676-680. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21781.
2022, 34(7): 681-686
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21587
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors associated with colorectal adenoma among the residents in Nanchang city， and provide scientific evidence for primary preventive measures against colorectal cancer. MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted. A total of 155 patients newly diagnosed with colorectal adenomas during 2018‒2019 were selected as cases， and 155 healthy persons attending the screening as controls. Both the case group and control group completed the questionnaires on the risk factors. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0. ResultsAge， gender， and educational level were used for match between case group and control group. Conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that salted and dried food intake（OR=5.634， 95%CI：1.308‒24.256）， smoking（OR=3.266， 95%CI：1.419‒7.518）， passive smoking（OR=3.125，95%CI：1.415‒6.898）， and hyperlipidemia （OR=3.975， 95%CI：1.643‒9.618）were associated with higher risk of colorectal adenoma. In contrast， coarse grain intake ≥500 g/week （OR=0.377， 95%CI：0.177‒0.805） was a protective factor. ConclusionColorectal adenoma may be caused by multiple risk factors， particularly salted and dried food intake， smoking， passive smoking and hyperlipidemia. It warrants specific intervention to reduce the risk of colorectal adenoma.
WEI Qingfeng, XU Yanhong, WANG Xiaobo, XIONG Xiaoling, XIONG Wenyan. A matched case-control study on risk factors associated with colorectal adenoma among residents of Nanchang City， Jiangxi Province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 681-686. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21587.
2022, 34(7): 687-692
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21802
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the influencing factors associated with delayed time in pre-hospital emergency medical care in patients with hypertensive emergency in the main urban area of Chongqing. MethodsA total of 1 246 patients with hypertension in the main urban area of Chongqing from March 2018 to August 2021 were included in this study. The delayed time in the pre-hospital emergency medical care was determined. A multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. ResultsThe delayed time in the pre-hospital emergency medical care for the patients with hypertensive emergency was concentrated in 0‒12 h， with the average of （5.89±1.96） h. The delayed time differed significantly by gender， age， history of atrial fibrillation， diabetes， educational level， time of onset， mode of transportation， awareness of hypertensive emergency， blood pressure at the onset， and presence of persons at the onset of emergency （P<0.05）. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that educational level， time of onset， blood pressure at the onset， awareness of hypertensive emergency， presence of persons at the onset were linearly correlated with delayed time in the pre-hospital medical care for hypertensive emergencies （P<0.05）. ConclusionDelay in pre-hospital medical care is prevalent for patients with hypertensive emergency in the main urban area of Chongqing. The delayed time is associated with multiple factors， such as educational level， time of onset， blood pressure at onset， awareness of hypertensive emergency， and presence of persons at onset. It warrants further improvement in the interventions to reduce the delay in the pre-hospital medical care.
ZENG Yong, TANG Guoqiang. Influencing factors associated with delayed time in pre-hospital emergency medical care for hypertensive emergency in the main urban area of Chongqing[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 687-692. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21802.
2022, 34(7): 693-698
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21345
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo establish microbial limit test methods for 44 pediatric drugs. MethodsAccording to the general guidelines in Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2015 and 2020 edition， volume Ⅳ），a suitability test of the methods for 44 drugs was carried out by pour-plate method， neutralization method or dilution method. ResultsTotal aerobic microbial count： chemical oral liquid samples can be tested by 1∶10 plate method；traditional Chinese medicine need to be neutralized firstly. Then oral liquids could be tested by 1∶10 plate method and 1∶100 plate method was used for granules. Total count of molds and yeasts： all the samples can be tested by the 1∶10 plate method. The recoveries of five test strains were between 0.5 and 2.0. The specified microorganisms were all detected in the test group， while not found in the negative control group. ConclusionThe microbial limit test methods for the 44 pediatric drugs are established and the results are reliable and can be used in the quality control．
YANG Yan, LI Fang, QIN Feng, LIU Hao, YANG Meicheng. Establishment and analysis of microbial limit test methods for commonly used pediatric drugs[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 693-698. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21345.
2022, 34(7): 699-704
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21659
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the resistance to beta-cypermethrin in Aedes albopictus in Xuhui District， Shanghai， China， and determine the effects of insecticide components， concentration and distance on eliminating resistant population of Aedes albopictus in ultra-low volume （ULV） spray， which would provide scientific evidence for effective mosquito control strategy and rational use of beta-cypermethrin. MethodsLarval impregnation method recommended by the World Health Organization was used to determine the drug resistance in Aedes albopictus larvae to calculate the median lethal concentration （LC50） of insecticides to Aedes albopictus larvae. The resistance to insecticides in female adults of Aedes albopictus was measured by the adult mosquito contact tube method recommended by the World Health Organization， and the 24-hour mortality （%） of female mosquitoes caused by insecticides was measured. Then the 24-hour mortality （%） of resistant female adults of Aedes albopictus due to beta cypermethrin monotherapy and compound agents was calculated by ULV spray. ResultIn 2016， 2017， 2019 and 2021， the resistance ratio in Aedes albopictus larvae to beta-cypermethrin was 9.22， 68.22， 37.33 and 59.22， respectively. In 2021， the 24-hour mortality of Aedes albopictus female adults was 62.07%. ULV sprayer experiments were performed using 4.5% beta-cypermethrin （single dose） and 12.0% beta-cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos （compound dose）. The 24-hour mortality increased with the concentration of the insecticides. The overall mortality caused by compound was higher than that by single dose. The mortality were 24.24%， 31.60% and 97.83% at the concentrations of 0.045 0%， 0.067 5% and 0.090 0% for single dose， respectively， and 58.87%， 61.62% and 90.00% at the concentrations of 0.12%， 0.18% and 0.24% for compound dose， respectively. There was no significant difference in mortality when spraying distance was 10 m， 30 m and 50 m. ConclusionAedes albopictus in Xuhui District is developed varying resistance to beta-cypermethrin. It warrants to strengthen the monitoring on insecticide resistance to formulate scientific and reasonable strategy for insecticide use. and reduce the resistance level of the Aedes albopictus to beta-cypermethrin. Compound dose is recommended to improve the effect. In addition， comprehensive treatment may be adopted to reduce the resistance.
ZHU Wei, LIU Yao, LIU Xiangyu, LIU Hongxia. Trend in resistance to beta-cypermethrin in Aedes albopictus and preliminary strategies of beta-cypermethrin use in Xuhui District， Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 699-704. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21659.
2022, 34(7): 705-711
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21705
Abstract:
Malignant tumors can be classified into three categories， rapidly progressing tumors， slowly progressing tumors， and "indolent" tumors. Rapidly progressing tumors （such as liver cancer， pancreatic cancer， and cholangiocarcinoma） have acute onset， shorter time duration from onset to death， and poorer treatment effects， which warrants primary prevention. Slowly progressing tumors （such as lung cancer， colorectal cancer， breast cancer， and gastric cancer） have slow onset， clear precancerous lesions， longer time duration from onset to death， and better therapeutic effects， which is accordingly suitable for secondary prevention. “Indolent” tumors （such as prostate and thyroid cancer） do not affect the life expectancy and are suitable for tertiary prevention. Early screening of “indolent” tumors may lead to overtreatment. Furthermore， early screening of rapidly progressing tumors is difficult to identify early cancers， which results in low cost-effectiveness. In contrast， for slowly progressing tumors suitable for secondary prevention， early screening may have cost-effectiveness， though there might be over-diagnosis. It is crucial to adopt appropriate prevention and treatment strategies for diverse types of tumors. Currently， large-scale cohort studies and randomized controlled clinical trials with complete follow-up may accurately evaluate the effect of cancer prevention strategies. This review discusses the significance of screening in precision prevention of tumors based on the characteristics of tumor progression and patients’ prognosis.
Malignant tumors can be classified into three categories， rapidly progressing tumors， slowly progressing tumors， and "indolent" tumors. Rapidly progressing tumors （such as liver cancer， pancreatic cancer， and cholangiocarcinoma） have acute onset， shorter time duration from onset to death， and poorer treatment effects， which warrants primary prevention. Slowly progressing tumors （such as lung cancer， colorectal cancer， breast cancer， and gastric cancer） have slow onset， clear precancerous lesions， longer time duration from onset to death， and better therapeutic effects， which is accordingly suitable for secondary prevention. “Indolent” tumors （such as prostate and thyroid cancer） do not affect the life expectancy and are suitable for tertiary prevention. Early screening of “indolent” tumors may lead to overtreatment. Furthermore， early screening of rapidly progressing tumors is difficult to identify early cancers， which results in low cost-effectiveness. In contrast， for slowly progressing tumors suitable for secondary prevention， early screening may have cost-effectiveness， though there might be over-diagnosis. It is crucial to adopt appropriate prevention and treatment strategies for diverse types of tumors. Currently， large-scale cohort studies and randomized controlled clinical trials with complete follow-up may accurately evaluate the effect of cancer prevention strategies. This review discusses the significance of screening in precision prevention of tumors based on the characteristics of tumor progression and patients’ prognosis.
CAI Shiliang, PU Rui, LIU Donghong, LI Zishuai, ZHOU Xinyu, CHEN Hongsen, HE Yida, CAO Guangwen. Screening strategy on precision prevention strategies for three types of malignant tumors[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 705-711. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21705.
2022, 34(7): 712-718
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21647
Abstract:
Radar uses electromagnetic waves to detect， track and locate objects at certain distances， which is widely used in military， meteorological， navigation and other fields. Radar emits electromagnetic waves outward and produces non-ionizing radiation， which may be considered as a physical occupational hazard. Epidemiological surveys found that long-term exposure to radar is associated with various adverse health effects， which may be correlated to transmitted power and frequency of radar， location of radar antenna， position of workers， and shielding effectiveness of cabins where work station is located. Based on radar frequency and electromagnetic radiation intensity， this study summarizes the health effects of radar on occupational population exposed to radar.
Radar uses electromagnetic waves to detect， track and locate objects at certain distances， which is widely used in military， meteorological， navigation and other fields. Radar emits electromagnetic waves outward and produces non-ionizing radiation， which may be considered as a physical occupational hazard. Epidemiological surveys found that long-term exposure to radar is associated with various adverse health effects， which may be correlated to transmitted power and frequency of radar， location of radar antenna， position of workers， and shielding effectiveness of cabins where work station is located. Based on radar frequency and electromagnetic radiation intensity， this study summarizes the health effects of radar on occupational population exposed to radar.
LAI Jiayi, JIN Kezhi. Research progress on health effect of occupational exposure to radar[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 712-718. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21647.
2022, 34(7): 719-723
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21673
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo design and evaluate the ideological and political teaching in the Medical Statistics as a public basic course for postgraduates in a medical school. MethodsThrough expert consultation， literature review， investigation， we designed the main points in the ideological and political teaching for the Medical Statistics. Students' satisfaction and demand of ideological and political teaching were investigated by a questionnaire. Furthermore， effect of ideological and political teaching was evaluated. ResultsA total of 178 out of 201 graduate students in Grade 2020 in a medical university completed the survey， accounting for 88.56%， with a response rate of 100%. Among them， 84.27% of the students believed it was necessary to implement ideological and political teaching for the Medical Statistics， and 90.45% expected that ideological and political teaching could be combined with case studies. The comparison before and after class showed that the students’ correct understanding of data acquisition has been greatly improved from 78.65% to 100%. In addition， the proportion of those who were dedicated to studying increased from 89.88% to 97.75%. ConclusionThe ideological and political teaching for Medical Statistics can be implemented in combination with case studies. Ideological and political teaching may improve the courses with practical operation of knowledge and skills.
WU Cheng, QIN Yingyi, WU Shengyong, WANG Rui. Design and evaluation of ideological and political teaching of Medical Statistics for postgraduates[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 719-723. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21673.
2022, 34(7): 724-724
Abstract:
. 上海预防医学第7期封面与目次[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(7): 724-724.
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https://navi.cnki.net/knavi/journals/SHYI/detail- Current Issue: 2022, 34(7)
- Sponsors by: Shanghai Preventive Medicine Association
- Establishment Time: 1989, monthly
- CSSN: ISSN 1004-9231 CN 31-1635/R
2022.07.27
