- 2022, 34(3)
- Competent unit: Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning
- Sponsors by:
- Establishment Time: 1989, monthly
- CSSN： ISSN 1004-9231 CN 31-1635/R
2022, 34(3): 193-196.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21313
[Abstract]
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Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the status of carcinogenic infection in people infected with HIV and those with negative HIV test results in VCT clinics. To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and provide scientific basis for more targeted disease prevention and control strategies. MethodsThe serum levels of Epstein-Barr virus （EBV）， human herpesvirus type 8 （HHV-8） and human T-lymphotropic virus type Ⅰ （HTLV-Ⅰ） antibodies were detected by ELISA method in 224 HIV-infected patients and 480 HIV-negative visitors treated in VCT clinics during the same period from 2014 to 2017， to compare the differences in the infection rates of this virus between HIV-infected and HIV-negative individuals and to systematically analyze the correlation between viral infections and high-risk sexual behavior. ResultsAmong the 224 HIV-infected patients， 79 were positive for EBV antibody， with the infection rate of 35.27%； 151 were positive for HHV-8 antibody， with the infection rate of 67.41%； and 95 were positive for HTLV-Ⅰ， with the infection rate of 42.41%. A total of 480 HIV negative visitors were tested. 7 patients were positive for EBV antibody， with the infection rate of 1.46%. 26 patients were infected with positive HHV-8 antibody， with the infection rate of 5.41%. 9 patients had positive HTIV-Ⅰ antibody， with the infection rate of 1.86%. The infection rates of the three carcinogenic viruses in HIV-infected patients were all higher than those in HIV-negative groups， and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of three highly carcinogenic viruses in HIV-infected patients and serious co-infection. It is necessary to improve the education of safe sex among HIV-infected patients and people with high risk of infection in order to curb the epidemic of HIV and other infectious diseases.
ZHANG Yong, XIN Xin, WANG Tao, WU Ping’an, CHEN Jing, LU Yihan. Analysis of carcinogenic virus infection in HIV-infected patients[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 193-196. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21313.
2022, 34(3): 197-200.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21024
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo explore the prevalence and characteristics of occult hepatitis B virus infection （OBI） among blood donors in Huzhou region. MethodsA total of 31 348 blood donors collected from October 2018 to February 2020 were selected for detecting HBV infection markers by serological and nucleic acid detection techniques. According to the detection results， 27 cases of HBsAg double negative （two kinds of reagent detection）， nucleic acid amplification technology （NAT） positive samples were identified as the occult HBV infection group （OBI group）； 25 cases of HBsAg double positive （two kinds of reagent detection）， NAT positive samples were identified as dominant HBV infection group， respectively. HBV nucleic acid quantitative detection， serum hepatitis B three line markers， liver function markers detection， and the results of the two groups were compared and analyzed. ResultsThere were 31 034 HBsAg negative blood donors， 27 of whom were HBV-DNA positive， and the prevalence of OBI was 0.87 ‰. Six kinds of serology were found in 27 OBI patients， among which 25 cases （92.6%） were HBcAb， 17 cases （63.0%） were HBsAb， 17 cases （63.0%） were HBeAb， 15 cases （55.6%） were HBcAb and HBsAb， and 14 cases （51.9%） were HBcAb and HBeAb. There was no significant difference in gender， HBcAb positive rate， TBI， AST and ALT between the two groups （P>0.05）. There were significant differences in age and HBsAb level （χ2=1.201， P<0.001； t=28.336， P<0.001）， and the average viral load was （25.86±19.68） IU/mL， which was significantly lower than the average viral load of the control group （3 254.65±535.98）IU/mL（t=32.412， P<0.01）. ConclusionThere is a certain prevalence of OBI in blood donors in Huzhou area. The main kinds of serology are HBcAb and HBsAb. Serological detection combined with nucleic acid detection can ensure the safety of blood transfusion and reduce the risk of blood borne diseases.
MO Yanping, SHI Xubin, FEI Jingxian. Prevalence of occult HBV infection among blood donors in Huzhou City，Zhejiang Province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 197-200. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21024.
2022, 34(3): 201-204.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21366
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infection among inpatients in a tertiary hospital， and provide scientific evidence for hospital infection control and targeted surveillance. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate a total of 543 hospitalized patients using the hospital information system. ResultsThe prevalence of hospital-acquired infection （HAI） was 4.24%， and that of community-acquired infection （CAI） was 23.39%. HAI prevalence differed significantly among the departments （χ2=148.870， P<0.05）， and was highest in the department of intensive care medicine （72.73%）. Sites of infection were significantly different between HAI and CAI （χ2=22.942， P=0.011）； however， the most frequent site of infection was lower respiratory tract in both HAI and CAI. Major pathogens for nosocomial infection were Gram-negative bacteria （56.92%）， mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrobial usage was observed in 31.68% of the patients， principally for therapeutic use of antibacterial drugs （80.23%） and a combination of drugs （88.95%）. Examination rate of pathogens following the antimicrobial usage was 72.08%. ConclusionThe investigation on the prevalence of nosocomial infection may facilitate fully understanding the nosocomial infection. It warrants strengthening the monitoring in the departments of intensive care medicine and on multi-resistant bacteria， and achieving antimicrobial stewardship， so as to improve the awareness of hospital infection control in medical staff' and effectively reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infection.
JI Yuanyi, CHEN Feng, WANG Ruiou, LIU Yugao, DENG Jianjun, JIANG Guoguo, HUANG Junbo. Cross⁃sectional study of nosocomial infection among inpatients in a tertiary hospital in Chengdu， 2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 201-204. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21366.
2022, 34(3): 205-209.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21131
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo analyze the infection status and epidemic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhea cases in Shanghai in recent years， and to explore its influencing factors and provide a basis for the prevention and control of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. MethodsFood-borne disease surveillance data in Shanghai from 2017 to 2018 was collected， and the infection status and epidemic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were analyzed. χ2 test and multivariate unconditional logistic regression were used to analyze the factors of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. ResultsAmong the food-borne surveillance cases in Shanghai from 2017 to 2018， the positive detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus reached 5.1%， and the positive cases were concentrated in July， August， and September. Those working in the catering industry， migrant workers and workers， and the young and middle-aged people （19‒59 years old） have a high incidence. The results of multivariate analysis showed that dining in Qingpu， Songjiang or Minhang District， occupations of migrant workers and workers， age over 19 years old， the third quarter of a year， and the consumption of aquatic animals and related foods are risk factors for Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. ConclusionThe infection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shanghai is still one of the food-borne diseases that warrant our attention. Strengthening food safety management and supervision， and promoting publicity and education for key populations are important for reducing the risk of infection by this pathogen. At the same time， long-term monitoring of infectious diarrhea cases in this city is necessary to dynamically understand the infection and epidemic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus， and adjust the annual prevention and control measures in time.
CHEN Yujie, DUAN Shenggang, LIU Hong. Analysis of the epidemic characteristics of diarrhea cases with Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Shanghai from 2017 to 2018[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 205-209. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21131.
2022, 34(3): 210-213.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21134
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand，foot，and mouth disease （HFMD） in Pujiang County from 2008 through 2020， so as to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyze HFMD cases retrieved in the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Pujiang County during 2008‒2020. ResultsFrom 2008 through 2020， a total of 9 393 cases were documented in Pujiang County， with an annual incidence of 182.3 per 100 000， showing a trend of alternating high-incidence and low-incidence years. The seasonal distribution was bimodal， and the incidence peaked in May-July and November-December. The incidence of HFMD in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas， and the incidence was positively correlated with population density. Majority of cases （94.9%） were children under 5 years old， of which boys had higher incidence than girls. The number of documented cases was the highest among preschool children living in families and kindergartens， accounting for 97.3%. Totally， 558 cases were laboratory confirmed in Pujiang County in 2008-2020， of which severe cases were all caused by EV71 infection. ConclusionEnterovirus serotypes in HFMD have continually changed from 2008 through 2020 in Pujiang County. However， severe HFMD remains principally attributable to EV71 infection， suggesting that it is necessary to strengthen the surveillance on the etiology of HFMD. In addition， it warrants further promotion of EV71 vaccination.
WANG Pingping, ZHOU Lu, WU Hongzhao, XU Chengtao, WU Yuhuan, LU Yihan. Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of hand，foot，and mouth disease in a county of Jinhua City，Zhejiang Province，2008‒2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 210-213. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21134.
2022, 34(3): 214-218.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20942
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of respiratory tract infection caused by human rhinovirus （HRV） in a school in Nanxun District of Huzhou City， and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of outbreaks of upper respiratory tract infection caused by HRV in the future. MethodsThe investigation was performed according to the Guidelines for Response to Outbreaks of Influenza-like Illness （2018 version）. It mainly referred to the records of nonattendance due to illness， morning and afternoon examination， and hospital treatment records， to search for cases. Then CDC staffs carried out epidemiological investigation on cases， interviewed the head teacher， and inspected the site. Throat swabs were collected for detection of SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently 14 common viruses that may cause upper respiratory tract infection. ResultsA total of 68 cases with HRV infection were identified. The first case and last case occurred on May 20 and 30， respectively. After a 3-day longest incubation period， there was no emerging case， suggesting the end of the outbreak. The incidence was 25.00% （11/44） in Class 101， 30.23% （13/43） in Class 109， 25.58% （11/43） in Class 110， 35.26% （16/45） in Class 211， and 39.96% （17/46） in Class 307. There was no significant difference in the incidence among classes （χ2=1.67， P>0.05）. The patients aged from 7 to 9 years. The incidence was 27.19% （31 / 114） in male and 34.58% （37/107） in female， with no significant difference （χ2=1.41， P>0.05）. The symptoms were mild， with no hospitalization， severe illness or death. The patients had mainly cough （100.00%）， sore throat （61.76%）， and runny nose （47.06%）， whereas had little muscle soreness （4.41%）. Of the patients， 69.12% visited hospitals， 23.53% took medicine by themselves， while 7.35% did not seek any medical treatment or medicine. Throat swabs were collected from 22 cases， testing negative for SARS-CoV-2. Then 14 common respiratory viruses were examined， of which HRV was positive in 16 cases. ConclusionChildren with HRV infection have milder symptoms compared to influenza infection， which is difficult to be noticed by school teachers and parents. Students should maintain personal hygiene and develop health habits. Moreover， schools should strength relevant health education， implement morning and afternoon health inspection， and prevent students with illness to routinely go to schools.
HUANG Yiying, LIU Binhui. Investigation on an outbreak of respiratory tract infection caused by human rhinovirus in a school in Huzhou City， Zhejiang Province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 214-218. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20942.
2022, 34(3): 219-222.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21249
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the epidemiological features of hand， foot， and mouth disease （HFMD） in Minhang District of Shanghai and to explore the possible effects of meteorological factors on the onset of HFMD， aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and control of HFMD. MethodsThe incidence data of HFMD in Minhang District from 2014 to 2018 were collected for descriptive analysis. The data of meteorological factors that might affect HFMD were analyzed by Pearson analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression. ResultsThe average incidence rate of HFMD in Minhang District from 2014 to 2018 was 271.51 per 100 000. The incidence of Huacao， Pujiang and Maqiao community were the highest. The incidence of HFMD in males was higher than in females and the 0‒5 age group had the largest number of cases， mainly in scattered children and children in kindergartens. The results of multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that the incidence of HFMD was negatively correlated with the weekly average air pressure （b=-4.32， P=0.004）， and was positively correlated with the weekly minimum temperature （b=2.62， P=0.040） and the weekly average relative humidity （b=1.71， P=0.010）. The correlation with weekly average temperature， weekly maximum temperature， weekly precipitation， weekly average air pressure and weekly average water vapor pressure was not significant. ConclusionMeteorological factors in Minhang District of Shanghai are closely related to the occurrence of HFMD. Comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent and control HFMD.
ZHAO Xia, CUI Jinsong, ZHANG Yi, TAN Jianguo. Epidemiological characteristics of hand， foot， and mouth disease and its correlation with meteorological factors in Minhang District， Shanghai from 2014 to 2018[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 219-222. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21249.
2022, 34(3): 223-226.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21318
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of applying sitting posture corrector on improving reading and writing posture of elementary school students， and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents. MethodsOne elementary school each in urban and suburban areas of Shanghai was selected using a convenience sampling strategy. Furthermore， two classes each in Grade 3 and 4 were selected as the intervention group （282 students were included in the study）， and the other two classes each in Grades 3 and 4 were selected as the control group （294 students were included in the study）. Students in the intervention group used the sitting posture corrector in the classrooms for 4 months （from September 2020 to January 2021）， while those in the control group did not use the sitting posture corrector. Relevant data were collected before and after the intervention through a self-administered questionnaire and visual examination. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test and generalized estimating equation. ResultsBefore the intervention， 13.5% （38/282） of students in the intervention group and 12.2% （36/294） in the control group had good reading and writing posture （χ2=0.195，P>0.659）. After the intervention， 18.4% （52/282） of students in the intervention group had good reading and writing posture， which was higher than that （11.2%， 33/294） in the control group （χ2=5.957，P=0.015）. Before and after the intervention， there was no significant differences in the prevalence of myopia between students in the intervention and control groups （all P>0.05）. Generalized estimating equation analysis showed that students in the intervention group were 1.502 times more likely to have good reading and writing posture than those in the control group after the intervention （P=0.043）. ConclusionApplying sitting posture corrector in schools could improve students' reading and writing posture.
YANG Yujuan, FENG Xiaogang, LUO Chunyan, YANG Dongling, OUYANG Fang, ZHU Siqi, QU Shuangxiao. Effect of applying sitting posture corrector on improving reading and writing posture of elementary school students[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 223-226. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21318.
2022, 34(3): 227-230.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21224
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the oral health， related knowledge and behavior of 12-year-old children in Guoluo Prefecture， Qinghai Province， and provide scientific evidence for policy-making of oral health programs. MethodsSix counties were selected by using a multi-stage and stratified sampling strategy. Oral health examination and survey questionnaire were performed according to the instructions of the Fourth National Oral Epidemiology Study. The oral health examination included dental caries and periodontal status. The questionnaire investigated oral health knowledge and behavior. ResultsThe prevalence of caries was 71.6% （288/402）and their DMFT was 2.04±1.90. Approximately 1.2% of deciduous teeth were filled. In the children， 81.3% （327/402） had teeth brush every day， while only 42.0% （169/402） brushed twice or more per day. Moreover， 10.2% （41/402） used fluoride toothpaste； in contrast， 62.2% （250/402） did not use toothpaste appropriately. In addition， the survey on dietary habits showed that 41.3% of the children consumed sweetened food once or more per day. ConclusionOral health education should be further strengthened to promote oral health in children.
QIAN Chenghui, ZHANG Hao, LI Qiang, SONG Jue, SHENG Lu, JIANG Yiwei, ZHANG Ying, RENQING Duojie. Survey on oral health of 12-year-old children in Guoluo Prefecture， Qinghai Province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 227-230. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21224.
2022, 34(3): 231-234.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21117
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the changing trend and causes of perinatal mortality in Changning District after the implementation of the universal two-child policy， and then explore effective interventions for preventing perinatal mortality. MethodsData of perinatal mortality in Changning District from 2011 to 2020 were retrospectively collected. Change of perinatal mortality， causes of death and related factors were compared in consecutive 5 years before and after the universal two-child policy. ResultsIn total， there were 153 099 perinatal births from 2011 to 2020 in Changning District， in which 352 deaths were documented. The perinatal mortality was 2.30 per 1 000 births， showing an overall downward trend from 2011 to 2020 （P<0.05）. Residents with local household registration had lower perinatal mortality， compared to those with non-local household registration， which was observed both before and after the universal two-child policy （P<0.05）. Furthermore， the perinatal mortality showed an upward trend after the universal two-child policy （χ2trend=5.481， P<0.05）. The major causes of perinatal death were fetus and its accessories， fetal malformation， and maternal diseases during pregnancy before the universal two-child policy； in contrast， the causes changed to maternal diseases during pregnancy， fetus and its accessories， and neonatal diseases after the policy. The proportion of pregnant women of advanced maternal age， menstrual delivery， and pregnancy complications or comorbidities were significantly higher after the policy than that before the policy （P<0.05）. The most common pregnancy complication was gestational diabetes mellitus， gestational hypertension， and hypothyroidism during pregnancy after the universal two-child policy. Of them， the proportion of gestational hypertension increased from 6.56% （4/61） to 25.88% （22/85）. ConclusionBefore and after the universal two-child policy， the perinatal mortality in non-local residents remains high and further shows an upward trend. Moreover， pregnant women advanced maternal age and those with complications or comorbidities may increasingly contribute to perinatal deaths after the policy. Therefore， health education should be strengthened to improve the awareness of self-health care， especially for non-local women. Hierarchical perinatal health service， primary prevention and treatment of pregnancy complications or comorbidities should be improved to further reduce perinatal mortality.
CHENG Shiyang, ZHANG Jiaqi, CHEN Li, XIAO Chun. Causes of perinatal mortality and risk factors in a district of Shanghai after the implementation of universal two-child policy[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 231-234. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21117.
2022, 34(3): 235-238.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20904
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of nutrients in colostrum， transitional milk， mature milk and late milk after storage at indoor temperature for 3 h， at 4 ℃ for 24 h， at -18 ℃ for 30 d， and at -18 ℃ for 90 d， so as to select the most suitable storage method of milk. MethodsFifteen pregnant women registered in the Shanghai Hongkou Liangcheng Village Street Community Health Service Center， who were expected to give birth from January to June in 2019， were selected. The breast milk of each woman was followed from delivery to 10 months after breast-feeding. Colostrum， transitional milk， mature milk and late milk were sampled， and each sample was divided into 5 parts. Changes in protein， fat， lactose， minerals， carbohydrates， vitamins and bacterial colony number of breast milk were detected according to 0 h （16-18 ℃）， 3 h （16-18 ℃）， 24 h （4 ℃） to 37 ℃， 30 d （-18 ℃） to 37 ℃ after thawing at 40 ℃ and 90 d （-18 ℃） to 37 ℃ after thawing at 40 ℃. ResultsThe results showed that the nutritional components of milk in different stages decreased with time. However， there was no significant difference in the decline of nutritional components in different stages of milk after the same duration of time （P>0.05）. ConclusionThe milk at each stage can be stored， and the lactating mother can store the excess milk at any stage as she wishes.
YANG Jing, ZHANG Xia, CHEN Zuanshen, HAO Lishuang. Impact of different storage conditions on nutrient composition of human milk at different stages[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 235-238. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20904.
2022, 34(3): 239-241.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21252
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics and causes of an influenza outbreak in a primary school in Hebei District， Tianjin， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of influenza outbreaks. MethodsAccording to the Guidelines for the Management of Influenza Like Outbreaks （2012 Edition）， and the throat swabs of patients with influenza were collected for influenza virus detection. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data in the outbreak. ResultsA total of 94 cases were identified in this influenza outbreak， with an overall incidence rate of 18.40%. A total of 12 classes were involved. The cases were distributed in Grade 1 （classes 1-9） and Grade 3 （classes 7， 8 and 10）. The highest morbidity rate was 47.50% （19/40） in Class 2 Grade 1， followed by 30.95% （13/42） in Class 1 Grade 1， and the lowest was 2.86% （1/35） in Class 8 Grade 3 and Class 10 Grade 3. The throat swab samples were collected in 11 students， of which 6 tested positive for influenza B virus. ConclusionStudents with influenza were younger， had not been vaccinated against influenza， and attended classes with illness， which led to the further spread of the epidemic. The outbreak has been finally controlled through strengthening morning and afternoon inspection， tracking non-attendant students due to illness， strictly isolating the source of infection， opening windows for ventilation， and conducting preventive disinfection.
HAN Yafeng, SONG Dan. Investigation on influenza outbreak in a primary school in Hebei District of Tianjin[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 239-241. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21252.
2022, 34(3): 242-246.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21008
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of allergic and infectious diseases in children， and to assess the influence of indoor and outdoor environmental factors on these two common diseases in children. MethodsA questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of allergic and infectious diseases in 140 children of 7 years old in Laizhou Bay， Shandong Province. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between indoor and outdoor environmental factors and children’s allergic and infectious diseases， respectively. ResultsThe prevalence of previous eczema and other allergic diseases for the past year in children was 37.9% and 15.0%， respectively， and the prevalence of infectious diseases for the past year was 35.7%. As for allergic diseases， eye irritation due to outdoor air （OR=2.977； 95%CI： 1.407‒6.296） and nose irritation due to outdoor air （OR=5.147； 95%CI： 1.272‒20.827） were the risk factors for previous eczema in children. Indoor musty taste increased the risks of urticaria （OR=4.306； 95%CI： 1.062‒17.454） and previous eczema （OR=3.853； 95%CI： 1.080‒13.743）. The use of cockroach killers indoors increased the risk of rhinitis （OR=6.102； 95%CI：1.297‒28.697）. As for infectious diseases， having outdoor pollution sources increased the risk of gastrointestinal infection （OR=4.937； 95%CI： 1.050‒23.216）， and the use of mosquito coils and clothing mothproofing agents increased the risks of respiratory （OR=6.333； 95%CI： 1.397‒28.714） and gastrointestinal infections （OR=3.218； 95%CI： 1.074‒9.644）， respectively. However， we did not find associations between indoor passive smoking and allergic or infectious diseases. ConclusionExcept outdoor passive smoking， all the other indoor and outdoor environmental factors increase the risks of children’s allergies and infectious diseases.
CHEN Minyan, LU Qi, YAO Qian, LYU Cheng, YU Jinxia, GAO Yu, TIAN Ying, LEI Xiaoning. Effect of indoor and outdoor environmental factors on allergic and infectious diseases in children[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 242-246. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21008.
YANG Qifan,
SHEN Bing,
CAI Jingting,
LIU Zhongling,
LI Yi,
FENG Sichao,
ZHOU Yihui,
LU Silan,
ZHAO Hong,
YE Zhiling,
XIONG Jianjing
2022, 34(3): 247-251.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20976
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo characterize the distribution and assess the exposure to phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the indoor dust of Shanghai City. MethodsSamples were collected from 33 sampling sites， including homes， hotels， offices and public places， in Shanghai in 2018， 2019， and 2020. The samples were pretreated by 100 sieves， extracted and concentrated， and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion mode （SIM）. ResultsResults on the characteristics of PAEs in indoor dust in different places showed that concentrations of PAEs were in a range of <0.01-2 464 mg·kg-1.The average concentration of 16 PAEs was 613 mg·kg-1. Bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）， di-iso-butyl phthalate （DiBP）， di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） and di-n-octyl phthalate （DnOP） were the main components of PAEs in indoor dust， accounting for approximately 99.5% of 16 PAEs. The intake of DEHP， DBP， DEP and BBP was lower than the tolerable daily intake （TDI） and reference doses （RfD） set by EU CSTEE and U.S. EPA. ConclusionAverage daily dose （ADD） via indoor dust is estimated， and the order of intake through different pathways is hand-oral intake>skin contact>respiratory inhalation. Exposure risk of PAEs in children is greater than that in adults.
YANG Qifan, SHEN Bing, CAI Jingting, LIU Zhongling, LI Yi, FENG Sichao, ZHOU Yihui, LU Silan, ZHAO Hong, YE Zhiling, XIONG Jianjing. Distribution and exposure assessment of phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in indoor dust of Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 247-251. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20976.
2022, 34(3): 252-255.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21065
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the composition and concentration of atmospheric particulate pollutants in four seasons in the industrial and clean living areas， and to provide a scientific basis for the strategy of controlling industrial pollution and atmospheric environment. MethodsAn industrial area dominated by the automobile industry in Shanghai and a relatively clean living area were selected. Samples were collected simultaneously in both areas and continuously for 7 days in the middle of each season. The composition and concentration of PM2.5 were determined， and the ecological risk of heavy metals in PM2.5 was evaluated by the potential ecological risk index method. ResultsWe found PM2.5 concentration was associated with seasonal changes. The PM2.5 concentration in living areas was the highest in winter， followed by spring， and the lowest in summer. The PM2.5 concentration in industrial areas was the highest in spring， followed by winter， and the lowest in summer. The heavy metals in PM2.5 were the same， including Al， Cr， Mn， Ni， As， Cd， Hg and Pb. The content of Cr， Cd and Pb in PM2.5 in the industrial area is significantly higher than that in the living area. The potential ecological hazard coefficient of PM2.5 heavy metal Cd in the industrial zone was the highest， up to 189.47， and it was the main component of the total potential ecological hazard index of heavy metals. According to the total potential risk grade of heavy metals， the heavy metal Cd in the industrial area had different degrees of ecological harm with seasonal changes. The ecological harm degree of heavy metal Cd was the highest in winter， high in spring and autumn， and low in summer. ConclusionAlthough the concentration of PM2.5 in the industrial area is not higher than that in the living area， the content of Cr， Cd and Pb in the PM2.5 in the industrial area is significantly higher than that in the living area. The concentration of PM2.5 in the industrial area is mainly related to seasons， industrial production and human factors. The potential ecological harm coefficient of heavy metal Cd in PM2.5 is the highest in comparison with other heavy metals such as Cr， Hg and Pb， and it is the main component of the total potential ecological harm index of heavy metals.
JIN Yuanyuan, ZHANG Xiaomei, CHEN Hong, ZHAO Huijun, LU Yiwen, SHEN Yuetian, KUANG Xingya. The concentration of heavy metals in PM2.5 and its ecological risk assessment in an industrial zone of Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 252-255. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21065.
2022, 34(3): 256-259.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21207
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo analyze the changes of mortality and potential years of life lost （PYLL） due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） among residents in Baoshan District， Shanghai from 2010 to 2019 and provide strategies and basis for COPD prevention and treatment in the future. MethodsBased on the cause-of-death surveillance system in Baoshan District of Shanghai from 2010 to 2019， Microsoft Excel 2010， SPSS 22.0 and Joinpoint Trend Analysis Software were used to sort out and analyze the data over the years and calculate the crude mortality， standardized mortality， age-specific mortality， PYLL， annual percent change （APC）， etc. ResultsFrom 2010 to 2019， the average annual mortality of COPD was 48.08/100 000， and the standardized mortality rate was 39.95/100 000， accounting for 5.82% of the total deaths in the same period， and COPD ranked as the third leading cause of death in Baoshan District. During the 10 years， the crude and standardized mortality of male COPD patients were generally higher than those of female patients （P<0.01）. However， the crude mortality and standardized mortality of COPD showed a decreasing trend with the increase of years （P<0.001）， and an increasing trend with the increase of age， of which the proportion of patients aged 75 and above was the highest， accounting for 85.71% of all age groups. The PYLL caused by COPD deaths was 2 352.5 years， including 1 977.5 years for men and 375.0 years for women. The number of years of life lost per 10 000 people due to COPD in males （4.18 years） was much longer than that in females （0.82 years）. ConclusionFrom 2010 to 2019， the standardized mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents in Baoshan District， Shanghai has shown a significant decline. However， due to the heavy burden brought by COPD， which has an especially profound impact on the health of elderly and male residents， COPD should be regarded as one of the key diseases in the prevention and control of chronic diseases in public health services， and effective preventive measures should be taken.
XUE Tianyi, LIU Shiyou, WAN Jinbao, XUE Junlei, CAI Weihua, WU Cui. Analysis of mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents in Baoshan District of Shanghai from 2010 to 2019[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 256-259. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21207.
2022, 34(3): 260-264.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21198
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the current situation of chronic diseases among island residents who have drunken desalinated water for a long time， and to reveal the relationship between drinking desalinated water and water from other sources and the prevalence of chronic diseases among the population. MethodsAccording to the different drinking water sources of island residents， the research subjects were divided into seawater desalination group （residents of Gouqi Township， Shengsi County）， mixed water source group （residents of Shengshan Town， Shengsi County） and freshwater group （residents of Huanglong Township， Shengsi County）. Through the chronic disease network report and resident health file system， the current situation of chronic diseases in different water groups was investigated and analyzed. ResultsThere were significant differences in the prevalence of malignant tumor among drinking water sources （χ2=23.867， P<0.001）， with the prevalence of mixed water group >desalination group >fresh water group. There were significant differences in the prevalence of coronary heart disease （χ2=194.883， P<0.001）， with the prevalence of mixed water group >desalination group >fresh water group. There were significant differences in the prevalence of stroke （χ2=35.637， P<0.001）， with the prevalence of fresh water group > mixed water group > desalination group. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus （χ2=2.808， P=0.246）， but there was significant difference in the age of onset of diabetes mellitus （χ2=7.368， P=0.001）， and significant difference in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the age group ≥55 （χ2=17.144， P<0.001）， and the onset age and prevalence were all in the order of fresh water group > desalination group > mixed water source group. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of hypertension （χ2=3.962， P=0.138）， but there was significant difference in the prevalence of hypertension in the age group ≥55 （χ2=20.734， P<0.001）， with the prevalence of fresh water group > desalination group > mixed water source group. ConclusionLong-term consumption of desalinated water by residents is correlated with malignant tumors， coronary heart disease and stroke， and has no correlation with diabetes and hypertension.
ZHANG Yongli, FEI Junliang, LIN Qi, YI Jingping, LI Peng. Analysis of monitoring results of chronic diseases of island residents who have drunken desalinated seawater for a long time[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 260-264. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21198.
2022, 34(3): 265-267.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21044
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemic characteristics of forty-two coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） cluster outbreaks in Hangzhou city and provide scientific evidence for further prevention and control measures. MethodsData of the COVID-19 cluster outbreaks in Hangzhou were obtained from the National Public Health Emergency Management Information System. Epidemic characteristics were summarized by reviewing the epidemiological investigation reports. ResultsA total of forty-two COVID-19 cluster outbreaks were documented in Hangzhou in 2020， including 130 confirmed cases and 7 cases with asymptomatic infection. The majority occurred from January to February， 2020. Moreover， 92.86% （39/42） of the cluster outbreaks were familial transmission. The proportion of the cluster outbreaks involving 2 cases accounted for 54.7% （23/42）. In the secondary cases， family members accounted for 84.15% （69/82）. ConclusionThe COVID-19 cluster outbreaks in Hangzhou mainly occur in families， and the majority of the secondary cases is family members.
SUN Zhou, CHEN Junfang, LIU Muwen, KAO Qingjun, KONG Qingxin. Analysis of epidemic characteristics of forty-two COVID-19 cluster outbreaks in Hangzhou[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 265-267. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21044.
ZHOU Yongli,
WU Dongdan,
WU Yuling,
GAO Yang,
SHI Jiahua,
SHEN Xiufeng,
SHAN Xuequn,
JIN Yufeng,
TANG Qiong
2022, 34(3): 268-273.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21278
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the fertility history and demand for reproductive health services of new residents in Shanghai. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 358 new residents in 36 survey sites in 7 districts of Shanghai from July to September 2020. The content includes fertility history， induced abortion history， demand for reproductive health-related services， awareness rate of the Shanghai Family Planning Association and service access rate， etc. ResultsAmong the new residents themselves and their spouses/sexual partners， 31.3% （374/1 194） had been pregnant once and 33.6% （401/1 194） had been pregnant twice； 46.3% （533/1 194）had one child and 29.7% （355/1 194）had two children. The difference of number of births among new residents with different residence time， those who did or did not possess permanent residency or residence permits， and those from different sources （urban or rural） was statistically significant （χ2=158.664， 50.263， 16.011， 114.419， all P<0.001）. Among the new residents themselves and their spouses / sexual partners， the proportion of induced abortion of more than once was 36.1%. The difference of the number of abortions of new residents with or without permanent residency was statistically significant （χ2=19.389， P<0.001）. The awareness rate of new residents of the harm of induced abortion to health was 92.1% （1 100/1 194）； There were significant differences in the scientific knowledge of harm of induced abortion to health among new residents with different local residence time and those with or without a residence permit （χ2=36.590， 20.926， both P<0.001）. The awareness rate of the Family Planning Association was 82.6% （986/1 194）， and the service access rate was 51.3% （613/1 194）. Permanent residency and residence permits are the main factors that affect the service accessibility of the Shanghai Family Planning Association. 44.8% （535/1 194） of new residents hope to receive reproductive health services in their place of residence， and they are most concerned about knowledge on good prenatal and postnatal care. ConclusionWe should further publicize the "three-child" fertility policy， advocate a friendly fertility culture， and provide new residents with people-centered and accurate reproductive health services adapted to their needs through multi-sectoral cooperation， so as to improve their reproductive health level.
ZHOU Yongli, WU Dongdan, WU Yuling, GAO Yang, SHI Jiahua, SHEN Xiufeng, SHAN Xuequn, JIN Yufeng, TANG Qiong. Investigation on demand for reproductive health-related services of new residents in Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 268-273. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21278.
2022, 34(3): 274-278.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21091
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the management of family planning technology services in Changning District of Shanghai over the past decade， and to explore the key populations and service patterns along with changing family planning policy， so as to provide evidence for further family planning services and management. MethodsBased on the routine statistics， family planning surgery， management of key populations， management of surgery quality， and contraceptive counseling from 2011 through 2020 in Changning District were retrospectively reviewed. ResultsThe number of family planning surgery， induced abortion， midtrimester induced abortion， live births， and birth to induced abortion ratio has decreased. Majority of those who received induced abortion were non-local married women， whereas those under 19 years were principally non-local unmarried ones. In total， contraceptive counseling decreased among newly married couples and in the community. Postpartum contraceptive counseling guidance remained at a low level. Furthermore， the number of IUD placements and subcutaneous implants has reduced， suggesting the acceptance of highly effective methods of contraception needs to be improved. The percentage of immediate IUD placement following induced abortion gradually increased. In addition， the percentage of high-risk family planning surgery showed a decreasing trend， however， serious surgical complications remained. ConclusionWith the “universal two-child” policy， the number of family planning surgery， especially induced abortions， has decreased significantly. It warrants a demand-driven family planning services， including strengthening the multiple health education and promoting to having a second child for key populations. Moreover， we should optimize the service process， strengthen the professional training for relevant clinicians and staff， and improve the quality of services for ensuring the mother and child health.
YUE Tingmian, CAI Beijun, CHENG Shiyang, SUN Jian. Analysis on the management of family planning technology services during 2011‒2020 in Changning District of Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 274-278. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21091.
2022, 34(3): 279-282.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21238
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo prepare samples of proficiency testing （PT） containing live Staphylococcus aureus with drug matrix in microbial PT program of drug testing， and to evaluate the laboratory capability of microbiology tests in China. MethodsTwo kinds of PT samples containing living bacteria with drug matrix were prepared and evaluated. The results of laboratories participated in PT program and their response to the survey questionnaire were collected and analyzed. ResultsThe homogeneity and stability of the PT samples complied with the requirements of CNAS-CL03： 2010. Samples could be stored stably for at least 6 months at -20 ℃. Among 63 laboratories participating in PT program， 53 laboratories （84.1%） achieved satisfactory results. The satisfaction rate was 94.1% （16/17） in 17 government laboratories （27.0% of total 63 laboratories）， 81.4% （35/43） in 43 pharmaceutical quality control laboratories （68.3% of total 63 laboratories）， and 66.7% （2/3） in 3 non-government laboratories （4.8% of total 63 laboratories）， respectively. ConclusionThe government laboratories performed better than pharmaceutical quality control laboratories in microbiology tests of drug， and the testing abilities of some pharmaceutical laboratories needs to be improved. The preparation and application of microbial samples in drug matrix could provide evaluation tools for drug testing laboratories in microbiology.
FAN Yiling, LI Fang, YANG Yan, QIN Feng, LIU Hao, YANG Meicheng. Sample preparation and analysis of proficiency test containing Staphylococcus aureus with drug matrix[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 279-282. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21238.
2022, 34(3): 283-287.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20789
Abstract:
Drug-resistant bacteria have become a serious threat to human health. Polymyxin has shown strong bactericidal activity to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics， and has become a last-resort treatment option against a variety of multi-drug resistant bacteria. However， due to the abuse of polymyxin in animal breeding， the drug resistance rate of polymyxin in human population has significantly increased. In order to further understand the mechanism of polymyxin resistance， and to take measures to reduce the incidence of polymyxin resistance in the population， this paper reviewed the progress in research of the antibacterial mechanism of polymyxin， the prevalence of polymyxin resistance in the population， the mechanism of polymyxin resistance， and its transmission mode.
Drug-resistant bacteria have become a serious threat to human health. Polymyxin has shown strong bactericidal activity to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics， and has become a last-resort treatment option against a variety of multi-drug resistant bacteria. However， due to the abuse of polymyxin in animal breeding， the drug resistance rate of polymyxin in human population has significantly increased. In order to further understand the mechanism of polymyxin resistance， and to take measures to reduce the incidence of polymyxin resistance in the population， this paper reviewed the progress in research of the antibacterial mechanism of polymyxin， the prevalence of polymyxin resistance in the population， the mechanism of polymyxin resistance， and its transmission mode.
CAI Jia’an, JIANG Lufang, JIANG Qingwu. Progress in the study of polymyxin resistance and its mechanism[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 283-287. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20789.
2022, 34(3): 288-288.
Abstract:
. 2016年上海市恶性肿瘤发病率[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 288-288.
2022, 34(3): 288-288.
Abstract:
. 《上海预防医学》专家在线审稿指南[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 288-288.
2022, 34(3): 289-289.
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21868
Abstract:
. 梅建教授[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 289-289. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21868.
2022, 34(3): 290-290.
Abstract:
. 《上海预防医学》第34卷第3期封面及目次[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 290-290.
2022, 34(3): 193-196
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21313
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the status of carcinogenic infection in people infected with HIV and those with negative HIV test results in VCT clinics. To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and provide scientific basis for more targeted disease prevention and control strategies. MethodsThe serum levels of Epstein-Barr virus （EBV）， human herpesvirus type 8 （HHV-8） and human T-lymphotropic virus type Ⅰ （HTLV-Ⅰ） antibodies were detected by ELISA method in 224 HIV-infected patients and 480 HIV-negative visitors treated in VCT clinics during the same period from 2014 to 2017， to compare the differences in the infection rates of this virus between HIV-infected and HIV-negative individuals and to systematically analyze the correlation between viral infections and high-risk sexual behavior. ResultsAmong the 224 HIV-infected patients， 79 were positive for EBV antibody， with the infection rate of 35.27%； 151 were positive for HHV-8 antibody， with the infection rate of 67.41%； and 95 were positive for HTLV-Ⅰ， with the infection rate of 42.41%. A total of 480 HIV negative visitors were tested. 7 patients were positive for EBV antibody， with the infection rate of 1.46%. 26 patients were infected with positive HHV-8 antibody， with the infection rate of 5.41%. 9 patients had positive HTIV-Ⅰ antibody， with the infection rate of 1.86%. The infection rates of the three carcinogenic viruses in HIV-infected patients were all higher than those in HIV-negative groups， and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of three highly carcinogenic viruses in HIV-infected patients and serious co-infection. It is necessary to improve the education of safe sex among HIV-infected patients and people with high risk of infection in order to curb the epidemic of HIV and other infectious diseases.
ZHANG Yong, XIN Xin, WANG Tao, WU Ping’an, CHEN Jing, LU Yihan. Analysis of carcinogenic virus infection in HIV-infected patients[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 193-196. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21313.
2022, 34(3): 197-200
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21024
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo explore the prevalence and characteristics of occult hepatitis B virus infection （OBI） among blood donors in Huzhou region. MethodsA total of 31 348 blood donors collected from October 2018 to February 2020 were selected for detecting HBV infection markers by serological and nucleic acid detection techniques. According to the detection results， 27 cases of HBsAg double negative （two kinds of reagent detection）， nucleic acid amplification technology （NAT） positive samples were identified as the occult HBV infection group （OBI group）； 25 cases of HBsAg double positive （two kinds of reagent detection）， NAT positive samples were identified as dominant HBV infection group， respectively. HBV nucleic acid quantitative detection， serum hepatitis B three line markers， liver function markers detection， and the results of the two groups were compared and analyzed. ResultsThere were 31 034 HBsAg negative blood donors， 27 of whom were HBV-DNA positive， and the prevalence of OBI was 0.87 ‰. Six kinds of serology were found in 27 OBI patients， among which 25 cases （92.6%） were HBcAb， 17 cases （63.0%） were HBsAb， 17 cases （63.0%） were HBeAb， 15 cases （55.6%） were HBcAb and HBsAb， and 14 cases （51.9%） were HBcAb and HBeAb. There was no significant difference in gender， HBcAb positive rate， TBI， AST and ALT between the two groups （P>0.05）. There were significant differences in age and HBsAb level （χ2=1.201， P<0.001； t=28.336， P<0.001）， and the average viral load was （25.86±19.68） IU/mL， which was significantly lower than the average viral load of the control group （3 254.65±535.98）IU/mL（t=32.412， P<0.01）. ConclusionThere is a certain prevalence of OBI in blood donors in Huzhou area. The main kinds of serology are HBcAb and HBsAb. Serological detection combined with nucleic acid detection can ensure the safety of blood transfusion and reduce the risk of blood borne diseases.
MO Yanping, SHI Xubin, FEI Jingxian. Prevalence of occult HBV infection among blood donors in Huzhou City，Zhejiang Province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 197-200. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21024.
2022, 34(3): 201-204
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21366
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infection among inpatients in a tertiary hospital， and provide scientific evidence for hospital infection control and targeted surveillance. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate a total of 543 hospitalized patients using the hospital information system. ResultsThe prevalence of hospital-acquired infection （HAI） was 4.24%， and that of community-acquired infection （CAI） was 23.39%. HAI prevalence differed significantly among the departments （χ2=148.870， P<0.05）， and was highest in the department of intensive care medicine （72.73%）. Sites of infection were significantly different between HAI and CAI （χ2=22.942， P=0.011）； however， the most frequent site of infection was lower respiratory tract in both HAI and CAI. Major pathogens for nosocomial infection were Gram-negative bacteria （56.92%）， mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrobial usage was observed in 31.68% of the patients， principally for therapeutic use of antibacterial drugs （80.23%） and a combination of drugs （88.95%）. Examination rate of pathogens following the antimicrobial usage was 72.08%. ConclusionThe investigation on the prevalence of nosocomial infection may facilitate fully understanding the nosocomial infection. It warrants strengthening the monitoring in the departments of intensive care medicine and on multi-resistant bacteria， and achieving antimicrobial stewardship， so as to improve the awareness of hospital infection control in medical staff' and effectively reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infection.
JI Yuanyi, CHEN Feng, WANG Ruiou, LIU Yugao, DENG Jianjun, JIANG Guoguo, HUANG Junbo. Cross⁃sectional study of nosocomial infection among inpatients in a tertiary hospital in Chengdu， 2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 201-204. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21366.
2022, 34(3): 205-209
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21131
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo analyze the infection status and epidemic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhea cases in Shanghai in recent years， and to explore its influencing factors and provide a basis for the prevention and control of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. MethodsFood-borne disease surveillance data in Shanghai from 2017 to 2018 was collected， and the infection status and epidemic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were analyzed. χ2 test and multivariate unconditional logistic regression were used to analyze the factors of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. ResultsAmong the food-borne surveillance cases in Shanghai from 2017 to 2018， the positive detection rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus reached 5.1%， and the positive cases were concentrated in July， August， and September. Those working in the catering industry， migrant workers and workers， and the young and middle-aged people （19‒59 years old） have a high incidence. The results of multivariate analysis showed that dining in Qingpu， Songjiang or Minhang District， occupations of migrant workers and workers， age over 19 years old， the third quarter of a year， and the consumption of aquatic animals and related foods are risk factors for Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. ConclusionThe infection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shanghai is still one of the food-borne diseases that warrant our attention. Strengthening food safety management and supervision， and promoting publicity and education for key populations are important for reducing the risk of infection by this pathogen. At the same time， long-term monitoring of infectious diarrhea cases in this city is necessary to dynamically understand the infection and epidemic characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus， and adjust the annual prevention and control measures in time.
CHEN Yujie, DUAN Shenggang, LIU Hong. Analysis of the epidemic characteristics of diarrhea cases with Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Shanghai from 2017 to 2018[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 205-209. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21131.
2022, 34(3): 210-213
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21134
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand，foot，and mouth disease （HFMD） in Pujiang County from 2008 through 2020， so as to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyze HFMD cases retrieved in the Chinese Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Pujiang County during 2008‒2020. ResultsFrom 2008 through 2020， a total of 9 393 cases were documented in Pujiang County， with an annual incidence of 182.3 per 100 000， showing a trend of alternating high-incidence and low-incidence years. The seasonal distribution was bimodal， and the incidence peaked in May-July and November-December. The incidence of HFMD in urban areas was significantly higher than that in rural areas， and the incidence was positively correlated with population density. Majority of cases （94.9%） were children under 5 years old， of which boys had higher incidence than girls. The number of documented cases was the highest among preschool children living in families and kindergartens， accounting for 97.3%. Totally， 558 cases were laboratory confirmed in Pujiang County in 2008-2020， of which severe cases were all caused by EV71 infection. ConclusionEnterovirus serotypes in HFMD have continually changed from 2008 through 2020 in Pujiang County. However， severe HFMD remains principally attributable to EV71 infection， suggesting that it is necessary to strengthen the surveillance on the etiology of HFMD. In addition， it warrants further promotion of EV71 vaccination.
WANG Pingping, ZHOU Lu, WU Hongzhao, XU Chengtao, WU Yuhuan, LU Yihan. Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of hand，foot，and mouth disease in a county of Jinhua City，Zhejiang Province，2008‒2020[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 210-213. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21134.
2022, 34(3): 214-218
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20942
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of respiratory tract infection caused by human rhinovirus （HRV） in a school in Nanxun District of Huzhou City， and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of outbreaks of upper respiratory tract infection caused by HRV in the future. MethodsThe investigation was performed according to the Guidelines for Response to Outbreaks of Influenza-like Illness （2018 version）. It mainly referred to the records of nonattendance due to illness， morning and afternoon examination， and hospital treatment records， to search for cases. Then CDC staffs carried out epidemiological investigation on cases， interviewed the head teacher， and inspected the site. Throat swabs were collected for detection of SARS-CoV-2 and subsequently 14 common viruses that may cause upper respiratory tract infection. ResultsA total of 68 cases with HRV infection were identified. The first case and last case occurred on May 20 and 30， respectively. After a 3-day longest incubation period， there was no emerging case， suggesting the end of the outbreak. The incidence was 25.00% （11/44） in Class 101， 30.23% （13/43） in Class 109， 25.58% （11/43） in Class 110， 35.26% （16/45） in Class 211， and 39.96% （17/46） in Class 307. There was no significant difference in the incidence among classes （χ2=1.67， P>0.05）. The patients aged from 7 to 9 years. The incidence was 27.19% （31 / 114） in male and 34.58% （37/107） in female， with no significant difference （χ2=1.41， P>0.05）. The symptoms were mild， with no hospitalization， severe illness or death. The patients had mainly cough （100.00%）， sore throat （61.76%）， and runny nose （47.06%）， whereas had little muscle soreness （4.41%）. Of the patients， 69.12% visited hospitals， 23.53% took medicine by themselves， while 7.35% did not seek any medical treatment or medicine. Throat swabs were collected from 22 cases， testing negative for SARS-CoV-2. Then 14 common respiratory viruses were examined， of which HRV was positive in 16 cases. ConclusionChildren with HRV infection have milder symptoms compared to influenza infection， which is difficult to be noticed by school teachers and parents. Students should maintain personal hygiene and develop health habits. Moreover， schools should strength relevant health education， implement morning and afternoon health inspection， and prevent students with illness to routinely go to schools.
HUANG Yiying, LIU Binhui. Investigation on an outbreak of respiratory tract infection caused by human rhinovirus in a school in Huzhou City， Zhejiang Province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 214-218. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20942.
2022, 34(3): 219-222
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21249
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the epidemiological features of hand， foot， and mouth disease （HFMD） in Minhang District of Shanghai and to explore the possible effects of meteorological factors on the onset of HFMD， aiming to provide a reference for the prevention and control of HFMD. MethodsThe incidence data of HFMD in Minhang District from 2014 to 2018 were collected for descriptive analysis. The data of meteorological factors that might affect HFMD were analyzed by Pearson analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression. ResultsThe average incidence rate of HFMD in Minhang District from 2014 to 2018 was 271.51 per 100 000. The incidence of Huacao， Pujiang and Maqiao community were the highest. The incidence of HFMD in males was higher than in females and the 0‒5 age group had the largest number of cases， mainly in scattered children and children in kindergartens. The results of multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that the incidence of HFMD was negatively correlated with the weekly average air pressure （b=-4.32， P=0.004）， and was positively correlated with the weekly minimum temperature （b=2.62， P=0.040） and the weekly average relative humidity （b=1.71， P=0.010）. The correlation with weekly average temperature， weekly maximum temperature， weekly precipitation， weekly average air pressure and weekly average water vapor pressure was not significant. ConclusionMeteorological factors in Minhang District of Shanghai are closely related to the occurrence of HFMD. Comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent and control HFMD.
ZHAO Xia, CUI Jinsong, ZHANG Yi, TAN Jianguo. Epidemiological characteristics of hand， foot， and mouth disease and its correlation with meteorological factors in Minhang District， Shanghai from 2014 to 2018[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 219-222. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21249.
2022, 34(3): 223-226
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21318
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of applying sitting posture corrector on improving reading and writing posture of elementary school students， and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents. MethodsOne elementary school each in urban and suburban areas of Shanghai was selected using a convenience sampling strategy. Furthermore， two classes each in Grade 3 and 4 were selected as the intervention group （282 students were included in the study）， and the other two classes each in Grades 3 and 4 were selected as the control group （294 students were included in the study）. Students in the intervention group used the sitting posture corrector in the classrooms for 4 months （from September 2020 to January 2021）， while those in the control group did not use the sitting posture corrector. Relevant data were collected before and after the intervention through a self-administered questionnaire and visual examination. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test and generalized estimating equation. ResultsBefore the intervention， 13.5% （38/282） of students in the intervention group and 12.2% （36/294） in the control group had good reading and writing posture （χ2=0.195，P>0.659）. After the intervention， 18.4% （52/282） of students in the intervention group had good reading and writing posture， which was higher than that （11.2%， 33/294） in the control group （χ2=5.957，P=0.015）. Before and after the intervention， there was no significant differences in the prevalence of myopia between students in the intervention and control groups （all P>0.05）. Generalized estimating equation analysis showed that students in the intervention group were 1.502 times more likely to have good reading and writing posture than those in the control group after the intervention （P=0.043）. ConclusionApplying sitting posture corrector in schools could improve students' reading and writing posture.
YANG Yujuan, FENG Xiaogang, LUO Chunyan, YANG Dongling, OUYANG Fang, ZHU Siqi, QU Shuangxiao. Effect of applying sitting posture corrector on improving reading and writing posture of elementary school students[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 223-226. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21318.
2022, 34(3): 227-230
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21224
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the oral health， related knowledge and behavior of 12-year-old children in Guoluo Prefecture， Qinghai Province， and provide scientific evidence for policy-making of oral health programs. MethodsSix counties were selected by using a multi-stage and stratified sampling strategy. Oral health examination and survey questionnaire were performed according to the instructions of the Fourth National Oral Epidemiology Study. The oral health examination included dental caries and periodontal status. The questionnaire investigated oral health knowledge and behavior. ResultsThe prevalence of caries was 71.6% （288/402）and their DMFT was 2.04±1.90. Approximately 1.2% of deciduous teeth were filled. In the children， 81.3% （327/402） had teeth brush every day， while only 42.0% （169/402） brushed twice or more per day. Moreover， 10.2% （41/402） used fluoride toothpaste； in contrast， 62.2% （250/402） did not use toothpaste appropriately. In addition， the survey on dietary habits showed that 41.3% of the children consumed sweetened food once or more per day. ConclusionOral health education should be further strengthened to promote oral health in children.
QIAN Chenghui, ZHANG Hao, LI Qiang, SONG Jue, SHENG Lu, JIANG Yiwei, ZHANG Ying, RENQING Duojie. Survey on oral health of 12-year-old children in Guoluo Prefecture， Qinghai Province[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 227-230. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21224.
2022, 34(3): 231-234
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21117
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the changing trend and causes of perinatal mortality in Changning District after the implementation of the universal two-child policy， and then explore effective interventions for preventing perinatal mortality. MethodsData of perinatal mortality in Changning District from 2011 to 2020 were retrospectively collected. Change of perinatal mortality， causes of death and related factors were compared in consecutive 5 years before and after the universal two-child policy. ResultsIn total， there were 153 099 perinatal births from 2011 to 2020 in Changning District， in which 352 deaths were documented. The perinatal mortality was 2.30 per 1 000 births， showing an overall downward trend from 2011 to 2020 （P<0.05）. Residents with local household registration had lower perinatal mortality， compared to those with non-local household registration， which was observed both before and after the universal two-child policy （P<0.05）. Furthermore， the perinatal mortality showed an upward trend after the universal two-child policy （χ2trend=5.481， P<0.05）. The major causes of perinatal death were fetus and its accessories， fetal malformation， and maternal diseases during pregnancy before the universal two-child policy； in contrast， the causes changed to maternal diseases during pregnancy， fetus and its accessories， and neonatal diseases after the policy. The proportion of pregnant women of advanced maternal age， menstrual delivery， and pregnancy complications or comorbidities were significantly higher after the policy than that before the policy （P<0.05）. The most common pregnancy complication was gestational diabetes mellitus， gestational hypertension， and hypothyroidism during pregnancy after the universal two-child policy. Of them， the proportion of gestational hypertension increased from 6.56% （4/61） to 25.88% （22/85）. ConclusionBefore and after the universal two-child policy， the perinatal mortality in non-local residents remains high and further shows an upward trend. Moreover， pregnant women advanced maternal age and those with complications or comorbidities may increasingly contribute to perinatal deaths after the policy. Therefore， health education should be strengthened to improve the awareness of self-health care， especially for non-local women. Hierarchical perinatal health service， primary prevention and treatment of pregnancy complications or comorbidities should be improved to further reduce perinatal mortality.
CHENG Shiyang, ZHANG Jiaqi, CHEN Li, XIAO Chun. Causes of perinatal mortality and risk factors in a district of Shanghai after the implementation of universal two-child policy[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 231-234. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21117.
2022, 34(3): 235-238
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20904
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of nutrients in colostrum， transitional milk， mature milk and late milk after storage at indoor temperature for 3 h， at 4 ℃ for 24 h， at -18 ℃ for 30 d， and at -18 ℃ for 90 d， so as to select the most suitable storage method of milk. MethodsFifteen pregnant women registered in the Shanghai Hongkou Liangcheng Village Street Community Health Service Center， who were expected to give birth from January to June in 2019， were selected. The breast milk of each woman was followed from delivery to 10 months after breast-feeding. Colostrum， transitional milk， mature milk and late milk were sampled， and each sample was divided into 5 parts. Changes in protein， fat， lactose， minerals， carbohydrates， vitamins and bacterial colony number of breast milk were detected according to 0 h （16-18 ℃）， 3 h （16-18 ℃）， 24 h （4 ℃） to 37 ℃， 30 d （-18 ℃） to 37 ℃ after thawing at 40 ℃ and 90 d （-18 ℃） to 37 ℃ after thawing at 40 ℃. ResultsThe results showed that the nutritional components of milk in different stages decreased with time. However， there was no significant difference in the decline of nutritional components in different stages of milk after the same duration of time （P>0.05）. ConclusionThe milk at each stage can be stored， and the lactating mother can store the excess milk at any stage as she wishes.
YANG Jing, ZHANG Xia, CHEN Zuanshen, HAO Lishuang. Impact of different storage conditions on nutrient composition of human milk at different stages[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 235-238. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20904.
2022, 34(3): 239-241
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21252
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics and causes of an influenza outbreak in a primary school in Hebei District， Tianjin， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of influenza outbreaks. MethodsAccording to the Guidelines for the Management of Influenza Like Outbreaks （2012 Edition）， and the throat swabs of patients with influenza were collected for influenza virus detection. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data in the outbreak. ResultsA total of 94 cases were identified in this influenza outbreak， with an overall incidence rate of 18.40%. A total of 12 classes were involved. The cases were distributed in Grade 1 （classes 1-9） and Grade 3 （classes 7， 8 and 10）. The highest morbidity rate was 47.50% （19/40） in Class 2 Grade 1， followed by 30.95% （13/42） in Class 1 Grade 1， and the lowest was 2.86% （1/35） in Class 8 Grade 3 and Class 10 Grade 3. The throat swab samples were collected in 11 students， of which 6 tested positive for influenza B virus. ConclusionStudents with influenza were younger， had not been vaccinated against influenza， and attended classes with illness， which led to the further spread of the epidemic. The outbreak has been finally controlled through strengthening morning and afternoon inspection， tracking non-attendant students due to illness， strictly isolating the source of infection， opening windows for ventilation， and conducting preventive disinfection.
HAN Yafeng, SONG Dan. Investigation on influenza outbreak in a primary school in Hebei District of Tianjin[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 239-241. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21252.
2022, 34(3): 242-246
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21008
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of allergic and infectious diseases in children， and to assess the influence of indoor and outdoor environmental factors on these two common diseases in children. MethodsA questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of allergic and infectious diseases in 140 children of 7 years old in Laizhou Bay， Shandong Province. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between indoor and outdoor environmental factors and children’s allergic and infectious diseases， respectively. ResultsThe prevalence of previous eczema and other allergic diseases for the past year in children was 37.9% and 15.0%， respectively， and the prevalence of infectious diseases for the past year was 35.7%. As for allergic diseases， eye irritation due to outdoor air （OR=2.977； 95%CI： 1.407‒6.296） and nose irritation due to outdoor air （OR=5.147； 95%CI： 1.272‒20.827） were the risk factors for previous eczema in children. Indoor musty taste increased the risks of urticaria （OR=4.306； 95%CI： 1.062‒17.454） and previous eczema （OR=3.853； 95%CI： 1.080‒13.743）. The use of cockroach killers indoors increased the risk of rhinitis （OR=6.102； 95%CI：1.297‒28.697）. As for infectious diseases， having outdoor pollution sources increased the risk of gastrointestinal infection （OR=4.937； 95%CI： 1.050‒23.216）， and the use of mosquito coils and clothing mothproofing agents increased the risks of respiratory （OR=6.333； 95%CI： 1.397‒28.714） and gastrointestinal infections （OR=3.218； 95%CI： 1.074‒9.644）， respectively. However， we did not find associations between indoor passive smoking and allergic or infectious diseases. ConclusionExcept outdoor passive smoking， all the other indoor and outdoor environmental factors increase the risks of children’s allergies and infectious diseases.
CHEN Minyan, LU Qi, YAO Qian, LYU Cheng, YU Jinxia, GAO Yu, TIAN Ying, LEI Xiaoning. Effect of indoor and outdoor environmental factors on allergic and infectious diseases in children[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 242-246. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21008.
YANG Qifan,
SHEN Bing,
CAI Jingting,
LIU Zhongling,
LI Yi,
FENG Sichao,
ZHOU Yihui,
LU Silan,
ZHAO Hong,
YE Zhiling,
XIONG Jianjing
2022, 34(3): 247-251
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20976
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo characterize the distribution and assess the exposure to phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in the indoor dust of Shanghai City. MethodsSamples were collected from 33 sampling sites， including homes， hotels， offices and public places， in Shanghai in 2018， 2019， and 2020. The samples were pretreated by 100 sieves， extracted and concentrated， and then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion mode （SIM）. ResultsResults on the characteristics of PAEs in indoor dust in different places showed that concentrations of PAEs were in a range of <0.01-2 464 mg·kg-1.The average concentration of 16 PAEs was 613 mg·kg-1. Bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）， di-iso-butyl phthalate （DiBP）， di-n-butyl phthalate （DBP） and di-n-octyl phthalate （DnOP） were the main components of PAEs in indoor dust， accounting for approximately 99.5% of 16 PAEs. The intake of DEHP， DBP， DEP and BBP was lower than the tolerable daily intake （TDI） and reference doses （RfD） set by EU CSTEE and U.S. EPA. ConclusionAverage daily dose （ADD） via indoor dust is estimated， and the order of intake through different pathways is hand-oral intake>skin contact>respiratory inhalation. Exposure risk of PAEs in children is greater than that in adults.
YANG Qifan, SHEN Bing, CAI Jingting, LIU Zhongling, LI Yi, FENG Sichao, ZHOU Yihui, LU Silan, ZHAO Hong, YE Zhiling, XIONG Jianjing. Distribution and exposure assessment of phthalic acid esters （PAEs） in indoor dust of Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 247-251. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20976.
2022, 34(3): 252-255
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21065
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the composition and concentration of atmospheric particulate pollutants in four seasons in the industrial and clean living areas， and to provide a scientific basis for the strategy of controlling industrial pollution and atmospheric environment. MethodsAn industrial area dominated by the automobile industry in Shanghai and a relatively clean living area were selected. Samples were collected simultaneously in both areas and continuously for 7 days in the middle of each season. The composition and concentration of PM2.5 were determined， and the ecological risk of heavy metals in PM2.5 was evaluated by the potential ecological risk index method. ResultsWe found PM2.5 concentration was associated with seasonal changes. The PM2.5 concentration in living areas was the highest in winter， followed by spring， and the lowest in summer. The PM2.5 concentration in industrial areas was the highest in spring， followed by winter， and the lowest in summer. The heavy metals in PM2.5 were the same， including Al， Cr， Mn， Ni， As， Cd， Hg and Pb. The content of Cr， Cd and Pb in PM2.5 in the industrial area is significantly higher than that in the living area. The potential ecological hazard coefficient of PM2.5 heavy metal Cd in the industrial zone was the highest， up to 189.47， and it was the main component of the total potential ecological hazard index of heavy metals. According to the total potential risk grade of heavy metals， the heavy metal Cd in the industrial area had different degrees of ecological harm with seasonal changes. The ecological harm degree of heavy metal Cd was the highest in winter， high in spring and autumn， and low in summer. ConclusionAlthough the concentration of PM2.5 in the industrial area is not higher than that in the living area， the content of Cr， Cd and Pb in the PM2.5 in the industrial area is significantly higher than that in the living area. The concentration of PM2.5 in the industrial area is mainly related to seasons， industrial production and human factors. The potential ecological harm coefficient of heavy metal Cd in PM2.5 is the highest in comparison with other heavy metals such as Cr， Hg and Pb， and it is the main component of the total potential ecological harm index of heavy metals.
JIN Yuanyuan, ZHANG Xiaomei, CHEN Hong, ZHAO Huijun, LU Yiwen, SHEN Yuetian, KUANG Xingya. The concentration of heavy metals in PM2.5 and its ecological risk assessment in an industrial zone of Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 252-255. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21065.
2022, 34(3): 256-259
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21207
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo analyze the changes of mortality and potential years of life lost （PYLL） due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） among residents in Baoshan District， Shanghai from 2010 to 2019 and provide strategies and basis for COPD prevention and treatment in the future. MethodsBased on the cause-of-death surveillance system in Baoshan District of Shanghai from 2010 to 2019， Microsoft Excel 2010， SPSS 22.0 and Joinpoint Trend Analysis Software were used to sort out and analyze the data over the years and calculate the crude mortality， standardized mortality， age-specific mortality， PYLL， annual percent change （APC）， etc. ResultsFrom 2010 to 2019， the average annual mortality of COPD was 48.08/100 000， and the standardized mortality rate was 39.95/100 000， accounting for 5.82% of the total deaths in the same period， and COPD ranked as the third leading cause of death in Baoshan District. During the 10 years， the crude and standardized mortality of male COPD patients were generally higher than those of female patients （P<0.01）. However， the crude mortality and standardized mortality of COPD showed a decreasing trend with the increase of years （P<0.001）， and an increasing trend with the increase of age， of which the proportion of patients aged 75 and above was the highest， accounting for 85.71% of all age groups. The PYLL caused by COPD deaths was 2 352.5 years， including 1 977.5 years for men and 375.0 years for women. The number of years of life lost per 10 000 people due to COPD in males （4.18 years） was much longer than that in females （0.82 years）. ConclusionFrom 2010 to 2019， the standardized mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents in Baoshan District， Shanghai has shown a significant decline. However， due to the heavy burden brought by COPD， which has an especially profound impact on the health of elderly and male residents， COPD should be regarded as one of the key diseases in the prevention and control of chronic diseases in public health services， and effective preventive measures should be taken.
XUE Tianyi, LIU Shiyou, WAN Jinbao, XUE Junlei, CAI Weihua, WU Cui. Analysis of mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among residents in Baoshan District of Shanghai from 2010 to 2019[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 256-259. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21207.
2022, 34(3): 260-264
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21198
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo study the current situation of chronic diseases among island residents who have drunken desalinated water for a long time， and to reveal the relationship between drinking desalinated water and water from other sources and the prevalence of chronic diseases among the population. MethodsAccording to the different drinking water sources of island residents， the research subjects were divided into seawater desalination group （residents of Gouqi Township， Shengsi County）， mixed water source group （residents of Shengshan Town， Shengsi County） and freshwater group （residents of Huanglong Township， Shengsi County）. Through the chronic disease network report and resident health file system， the current situation of chronic diseases in different water groups was investigated and analyzed. ResultsThere were significant differences in the prevalence of malignant tumor among drinking water sources （χ2=23.867， P<0.001）， with the prevalence of mixed water group >desalination group >fresh water group. There were significant differences in the prevalence of coronary heart disease （χ2=194.883， P<0.001）， with the prevalence of mixed water group >desalination group >fresh water group. There were significant differences in the prevalence of stroke （χ2=35.637， P<0.001）， with the prevalence of fresh water group > mixed water group > desalination group. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus （χ2=2.808， P=0.246）， but there was significant difference in the age of onset of diabetes mellitus （χ2=7.368， P=0.001）， and significant difference in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the age group ≥55 （χ2=17.144， P<0.001）， and the onset age and prevalence were all in the order of fresh water group > desalination group > mixed water source group. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of hypertension （χ2=3.962， P=0.138）， but there was significant difference in the prevalence of hypertension in the age group ≥55 （χ2=20.734， P<0.001）， with the prevalence of fresh water group > desalination group > mixed water source group. ConclusionLong-term consumption of desalinated water by residents is correlated with malignant tumors， coronary heart disease and stroke， and has no correlation with diabetes and hypertension.
ZHANG Yongli, FEI Junliang, LIN Qi, YI Jingping, LI Peng. Analysis of monitoring results of chronic diseases of island residents who have drunken desalinated seawater for a long time[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 260-264. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21198.
2022, 34(3): 265-267
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21044
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the epidemic characteristics of forty-two coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） cluster outbreaks in Hangzhou city and provide scientific evidence for further prevention and control measures. MethodsData of the COVID-19 cluster outbreaks in Hangzhou were obtained from the National Public Health Emergency Management Information System. Epidemic characteristics were summarized by reviewing the epidemiological investigation reports. ResultsA total of forty-two COVID-19 cluster outbreaks were documented in Hangzhou in 2020， including 130 confirmed cases and 7 cases with asymptomatic infection. The majority occurred from January to February， 2020. Moreover， 92.86% （39/42） of the cluster outbreaks were familial transmission. The proportion of the cluster outbreaks involving 2 cases accounted for 54.7% （23/42）. In the secondary cases， family members accounted for 84.15% （69/82）. ConclusionThe COVID-19 cluster outbreaks in Hangzhou mainly occur in families， and the majority of the secondary cases is family members.
SUN Zhou, CHEN Junfang, LIU Muwen, KAO Qingjun, KONG Qingxin. Analysis of epidemic characteristics of forty-two COVID-19 cluster outbreaks in Hangzhou[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 265-267. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21044.
ZHOU Yongli,
WU Dongdan,
WU Yuling,
GAO Yang,
SHI Jiahua,
SHEN Xiufeng,
SHAN Xuequn,
JIN Yufeng,
TANG Qiong
2022, 34(3): 268-273
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21278
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate the fertility history and demand for reproductive health services of new residents in Shanghai. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 358 new residents in 36 survey sites in 7 districts of Shanghai from July to September 2020. The content includes fertility history， induced abortion history， demand for reproductive health-related services， awareness rate of the Shanghai Family Planning Association and service access rate， etc. ResultsAmong the new residents themselves and their spouses/sexual partners， 31.3% （374/1 194） had been pregnant once and 33.6% （401/1 194） had been pregnant twice； 46.3% （533/1 194）had one child and 29.7% （355/1 194）had two children. The difference of number of births among new residents with different residence time， those who did or did not possess permanent residency or residence permits， and those from different sources （urban or rural） was statistically significant （χ2=158.664， 50.263， 16.011， 114.419， all P<0.001）. Among the new residents themselves and their spouses / sexual partners， the proportion of induced abortion of more than once was 36.1%. The difference of the number of abortions of new residents with or without permanent residency was statistically significant （χ2=19.389， P<0.001）. The awareness rate of new residents of the harm of induced abortion to health was 92.1% （1 100/1 194）； There were significant differences in the scientific knowledge of harm of induced abortion to health among new residents with different local residence time and those with or without a residence permit （χ2=36.590， 20.926， both P<0.001）. The awareness rate of the Family Planning Association was 82.6% （986/1 194）， and the service access rate was 51.3% （613/1 194）. Permanent residency and residence permits are the main factors that affect the service accessibility of the Shanghai Family Planning Association. 44.8% （535/1 194） of new residents hope to receive reproductive health services in their place of residence， and they are most concerned about knowledge on good prenatal and postnatal care. ConclusionWe should further publicize the "three-child" fertility policy， advocate a friendly fertility culture， and provide new residents with people-centered and accurate reproductive health services adapted to their needs through multi-sectoral cooperation， so as to improve their reproductive health level.
ZHOU Yongli, WU Dongdan, WU Yuling, GAO Yang, SHI Jiahua, SHEN Xiufeng, SHAN Xuequn, JIN Yufeng, TANG Qiong. Investigation on demand for reproductive health-related services of new residents in Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 268-273. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21278.
2022, 34(3): 274-278
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21091
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo determine the management of family planning technology services in Changning District of Shanghai over the past decade， and to explore the key populations and service patterns along with changing family planning policy， so as to provide evidence for further family planning services and management. MethodsBased on the routine statistics， family planning surgery， management of key populations， management of surgery quality， and contraceptive counseling from 2011 through 2020 in Changning District were retrospectively reviewed. ResultsThe number of family planning surgery， induced abortion， midtrimester induced abortion， live births， and birth to induced abortion ratio has decreased. Majority of those who received induced abortion were non-local married women， whereas those under 19 years were principally non-local unmarried ones. In total， contraceptive counseling decreased among newly married couples and in the community. Postpartum contraceptive counseling guidance remained at a low level. Furthermore， the number of IUD placements and subcutaneous implants has reduced， suggesting the acceptance of highly effective methods of contraception needs to be improved. The percentage of immediate IUD placement following induced abortion gradually increased. In addition， the percentage of high-risk family planning surgery showed a decreasing trend， however， serious surgical complications remained. ConclusionWith the “universal two-child” policy， the number of family planning surgery， especially induced abortions， has decreased significantly. It warrants a demand-driven family planning services， including strengthening the multiple health education and promoting to having a second child for key populations. Moreover， we should optimize the service process， strengthen the professional training for relevant clinicians and staff， and improve the quality of services for ensuring the mother and child health.
YUE Tingmian, CAI Beijun, CHENG Shiyang, SUN Jian. Analysis on the management of family planning technology services during 2011‒2020 in Changning District of Shanghai[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 274-278. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21091.
2022, 34(3): 279-282
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21238
Abstract:
ObjectiveTo prepare samples of proficiency testing （PT） containing live Staphylococcus aureus with drug matrix in microbial PT program of drug testing， and to evaluate the laboratory capability of microbiology tests in China. MethodsTwo kinds of PT samples containing living bacteria with drug matrix were prepared and evaluated. The results of laboratories participated in PT program and their response to the survey questionnaire were collected and analyzed. ResultsThe homogeneity and stability of the PT samples complied with the requirements of CNAS-CL03： 2010. Samples could be stored stably for at least 6 months at -20 ℃. Among 63 laboratories participating in PT program， 53 laboratories （84.1%） achieved satisfactory results. The satisfaction rate was 94.1% （16/17） in 17 government laboratories （27.0% of total 63 laboratories）， 81.4% （35/43） in 43 pharmaceutical quality control laboratories （68.3% of total 63 laboratories）， and 66.7% （2/3） in 3 non-government laboratories （4.8% of total 63 laboratories）， respectively. ConclusionThe government laboratories performed better than pharmaceutical quality control laboratories in microbiology tests of drug， and the testing abilities of some pharmaceutical laboratories needs to be improved. The preparation and application of microbial samples in drug matrix could provide evaluation tools for drug testing laboratories in microbiology.
FAN Yiling, LI Fang, YANG Yan, QIN Feng, LIU Hao, YANG Meicheng. Sample preparation and analysis of proficiency test containing Staphylococcus aureus with drug matrix[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 279-282. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21238.
2022, 34(3): 283-287
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20789
Abstract:
Drug-resistant bacteria have become a serious threat to human health. Polymyxin has shown strong bactericidal activity to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics， and has become a last-resort treatment option against a variety of multi-drug resistant bacteria. However， due to the abuse of polymyxin in animal breeding， the drug resistance rate of polymyxin in human population has significantly increased. In order to further understand the mechanism of polymyxin resistance， and to take measures to reduce the incidence of polymyxin resistance in the population， this paper reviewed the progress in research of the antibacterial mechanism of polymyxin， the prevalence of polymyxin resistance in the population， the mechanism of polymyxin resistance， and its transmission mode.
Drug-resistant bacteria have become a serious threat to human health. Polymyxin has shown strong bactericidal activity to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics， and has become a last-resort treatment option against a variety of multi-drug resistant bacteria. However， due to the abuse of polymyxin in animal breeding， the drug resistance rate of polymyxin in human population has significantly increased. In order to further understand the mechanism of polymyxin resistance， and to take measures to reduce the incidence of polymyxin resistance in the population， this paper reviewed the progress in research of the antibacterial mechanism of polymyxin， the prevalence of polymyxin resistance in the population， the mechanism of polymyxin resistance， and its transmission mode.
CAI Jia’an, JIANG Lufang, JIANG Qingwu. Progress in the study of polymyxin resistance and its mechanism[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 283-287. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.20789.
2022, 34(3): 288-288
Abstract:
. 2016年上海市恶性肿瘤发病率[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 288-288.
2022, 34(3): 288-288
Abstract:
. 《上海预防医学》专家在线审稿指南[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 288-288.
2022, 34(3): 289-289
doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21868
Abstract:
. 梅建教授[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 289-289. doi: 10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.21868.
2022, 34(3): 290-290
Abstract:
. 《上海预防医学》第34卷第3期封面及目次[J]. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2022, 34(3): 290-290.
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- Current Issue: 2022, 34(3)
- Sponsors by: Shanghai Preventive Medicine Association
- Establishment Time: 1989, monthly
- CSSN: ISSN 1004-9231 CN 31-1635/R
2021.11.22
