上海市<b>2022</b>年春季新型冠状病毒感染暴发的流行病学特征分析

鲜林峰; 林剑生; 俞世冲; 赵岳; 赵沛; 曹广文

doi:10.19428/j.cnki.sjpm.2022.22058

上海市2022年春季新型冠状病毒感染暴发的流行病学特征分析

Epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection outbreak in Shanghai in the Spring of 2022

摘要

摘要:
目的阐明2022年春季上海市新型冠状病毒（SARS⁃CoV⁃2）感染暴发的流行病学特征，分析其发病趋势，并与同期吉林省和2020年初湖北省武汉市SARS⁃CoV⁃2感染暴发的发病特征进行比较。
方法收集上海市卫生健康委员会公布的2022年3月1日—4月18日的SARS⁃CoV⁃2阳性感染者每日新增本土确诊病例、新增境外确诊病例、每日新增本土无症状感染者、新增境外无症状感染者，进行描述性分析。
结果 2022年3月1日—4月18日期间，SARS⁃CoV⁃2感染者报告397 933例，其中确诊病例27 613例，重症21例，死亡10例。感染的病毒为奥密克戎变异株BA.2。3月24日以后，病毒感染者数量迅速增加，呈暴发趋势。重症和死亡病例多为有严重基础疾病和缺乏疫苗接种者。无症状感染者占所有感染者的93.06%，显著高于同期吉林省疫情水平（48.08%，P<0.001），确诊病例上升速度明显低于2020年初武汉疫情水平。每日新增境外输入确诊病例及无症状感染者呈下降趋势。
结论致使本次上海市暴发疫情的奥密克戎病毒具有较高的传染性和较低的致病能力，奥密克戎变异株在无症状携带者中迅速复制，使无症状者为主要传染源。SARS⁃CoV⁃2灭活疫苗完全接种可降低奥密克戎病毒株致病性和病死率，奥密克戎变异株很有可能通过气溶胶和飞沫混合传播，这为人口密度高和出行方式主要为公共交通的大城市新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控带来新挑战。

Abstract:
Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and analyze the incidence trend of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Shanghai， China， and compare with the characteristics of the infection in Jilin Province of China during the same period in 2022 and Wuhan at the beginning of 2020.
Methods Information of new locally-transmitted confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases， imported confirmed COVID-19 cases， local asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers and imported asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers in Shanghai from March 1 to April 18， 2022 was collected for descriptive analysis.
Results From March 1 to April 18， 2022， a total of 397 933 locally-transmitted SARS-CoV-2 cases were reported in Shanghai. Of those， 27 613 were clinically confirmed cases and 21 were severe cases. Ten deaths were related to COVID-19. The pathogen is Omicron variant BA.2 of SARS-CoV-2. The number of the infected subjects increased rapidly after March 24 and lead to a disease outbreak. Severe and deceased cases had severe comorbidity and were mostly unvaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers accounted for 93.06%， which is significantly higher than that in Jilin Province during the same period （48.07%， P<0.001）. Daily increase in the number of clinically confirmed COVID-19 cases in Shanghai in 2022 was much lower than that in Wuhan， Hubei Province， in 2020. Number of daily newly imported confirmed COVID-19 cases and imported asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers declined during this period.
Conclusion The Omicron variant in Shanghai 2022 is highly infectious and less pathogenic. Omicron variant BA.2 replicates rapidly in asymptomatic carriers， which makes the carriers the major source of infection. Full-term vaccination of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine might decrease the pathogenicity and fatality of SARS-CoV-2 variants. SARS-CoV-2 of the Omicron BA2 strain is likely transmitted through aerosols and droplets， which poses a great challenge to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic in large cities with high population density and sophisticated public transportation.

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