2023年长三角地区重点流域水体全氟化合物污染水平

Contamination levels of perfluorinated compounds in water bodies of key river basins in the Yangtze River Delta Region in 2023

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 通过评估长三角地区水中21种全氟化合物（PFASs）的污染水平，为饮用水的安全管理提供依据。
    方法 采用固相萃取⁃超高效液相色谱串联质谱的方法，对长三角地区5个行政区2023年4个季度共6个水源水、20个出厂水及60个末梢水中21种PFASs进行检测。采用Kruskal⁃Wallis H检验比较水源水、出厂水、末梢水中PFASs质量浓度的差异，并进行Bonferroni校正的事后两两比较。计算水中目标物去除率。
    结果 86份样本中，有14种PFASs被检出，7种PFASs的检出率为100%。水源水、出厂水、末梢水3种水体中，PFASs总检出水平分别为63.85~190.54 ng·L-1、55.75~774.36 ng·L-1、40.72~689.80 ng·L-1，检出水平中位数最高的为全氟丁酸（PFBA）（40.19 ng·L-1、15.20 ng·L-1、14.05 ng·L-1）、全氟己酸（PFHxA）（29.69 ng·L-1、32.62 ng·L-1、34.24 ng·L-1）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）（17.65 ng·L-1、39.45 ng·L-1、36.83 ng·L-1）、全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）（16.99 ng·L-1、24.38 ng·L-1、23.89 ng·L-1）。末梢水中，PFOA（7.71~71.63 ng·L-1）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）（<检出限~5.36 ng·L-1）的检出水平均低于GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定的限值（PFOA为0.000 08 mg·L-1，PFOS为0.000 04 mg·L-1）。全年水样结果差异性分析结果表明，PFASs在不同季度存在一定的差异。在PFASs总检出水平上，3月高于9月和11月（调整后P<0.001、P=0.006），5月高于9月（调整后P=0.037）。自来水厂对PFASs的去除率为-14%~34%。
    结论 长三角地区水源水、出厂水及末梢水中PFASs污染普遍存在，所测水样中PFOA、PFOS均符合GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》。应不断规范PFASs的使用，以确保用水安全。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective This study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the safety management of drinking water by assessing the contamination levels of 21 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water samples collected from the Yangtze River Delta region.
    Methods Solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was employed to determine 21 PFASs in 6 source water samples, 20 treated water samples, and 60 tap water samples collected from 5 administrative districts in the Yangtze River Delta region across four seasons in 2023. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences in PFAS concentrations among the three types of water samples, followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction. Removal efficiencies of target compounds were also calculated.
    Results Among the 86 samples, 14 PFASs were detected, with 7 compounds detected in 100% of samples. The total concentrations of PFASs in source water, treated water, and tap water ranged from 63.85 to 190.54 ng·L-¹, 55.75 to 774.36 ng·L-¹, and 40.72 to 689.80 ng·L-¹, respectively. The compounds with the highest median concentrations were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (40.19, 15.20, and 14.05 ng·L-¹), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (29.69, 32.62, and 34.24 ng·L-¹), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (17.65, 39.45, and 36.83 ng·L-¹), and potassium perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) (16.99, 24.38, and 23.89 ng·L-¹). Notably, concentrations of PFOA (7.71‒71.63 ng·L-¹) and PFOS (<LoD‒5.36 ng·L-¹) in tap water were below the regulatory limits specified in GB 5749‒2022 Standards for Drinking Water Quality (PFOA: 0.000 08 mg·L-1, PFOS: 0.000 04 mg·L-1). Significant seasonal variations in PFAS concentrations were observed, with total PFAS levels in March being higher than those in September and November (adjusted P<0.001, and P=0.006), and levels in May being higher than those in September (adjusted P=0.037). The removal efficiencies of PFASs in the water treatment plants ranged from -14% to 34%.
    Conclusion PFAS contamination is widespread in source water, treated water, and tap water in the Yangtze River Delta region, and concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in all tested water samples comply with the Chinese national standards for drinking water quality (GB 5749‒2022). The use of PFASs should be continuously regulated to ensure water safety.

     

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