Abstract: China bears a substantial disease burden of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). As a critical strategy to block disease progression among latent infected individuals, preventive treatment is of great significance for curbing tuberculosis transmission. At present, the promotion of latent tuberculosis infection preventive treatment (TPT) is still in an expanding stage in China. Policy reforms are ongoing, and the coverage of the preventive treatment population is also continuously expanding. However, TPT implementation still faces multiple challenges. There are substantial disparities in treatment acceptance and course completion across different populations. Issues including adverse drug reactions, treatment safety, regimen matching and economic burden have hindered the improvement of medication adherence to varying degrees. In addition, regional differences in resource allocation, public cognitive bias and increasing population mobility have led to large gaps in the standardization of TPT delivery across regions. Given this background, this paper aims to systematically review the development of TPT strategies and their localization practice in China, and comprehensively analyze the key factors affecting TPT implementation based on the current status, so as to provide scientific evidence and reference for optimizing TPT strategies and future development directions.