Abstract: Streptococcus pneumoniae （Pneumococcus） is a kind of Gram-positive diplococcus with capsule， which is the main cause of morbidity and mortality of lower respiratory tract infection in the world. The death toll caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is higher than that caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B， influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus combined. In recent years， the infection rate and hospitalization rate of pneumococcal pneumonia have decreased with the vaccination of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine （PCV 7） and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine （PCV13）. This article will briefly review the new progress in hospitalization rate，diagnosis and treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia in children at home and abroad in the past decade.