Abstract: Objective To study the relationship between adiponectin gene(SNP+45 and SNP+276)and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods A case-control study with unconditional univariate Logistic regression was carried out on 590 cases of newly-developed type 2 diabetes (diabetes group) and 590 healthy controls(control group) among permanent residents of Shanghai Pudong New Area.Results As diabetes group was compared with healthy controls, the distribution of SNP+45 genotypes, including three genotypes and alleles, were not significantly different(χ²=1.44，P>0.05 and χ²=1.35，P>0.05).But the distribution of SNP+276 genotypes, including three genotypes and alleles, were significantly different (χ²=8.45，P<0.05 and χ²=8.99，P<0.05) and T/T genotype in type 2 diabetic population appeared more frequent than that in healthy population. Univariate analysis showed that SNP+276 was significantly different in its relationship with diabetes.Conclusion SNP+276 genotypes seems to be associated with Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus in Han population of Pudong New Area.The variation of adiponectin gene may play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.